U.S. Cyclosporiasis Cases and Outbreaks

Cyclosporiasis and CDC cuts: the perfect storm.

Survey of endoparasites in Chelonoidis carbonarius and Chelonoidis denticulatus kept at the zoo of the Jungle Warfare Training Center (CIGS), Central Amazon.

The genus Chelonoidis tortoises are terrestrial reptiles susceptible to gastrointestinal endoparasites, mainly due to improper management. The present study aims to analyze the frequency of gastrointestinal parasites detected in samples from Chelonoidis carbonarius and Chelonoidi...

What the Cyclospora Outbreak Reveals About the State of US Foodborne Disease Surveillance.

Cyclospora cayetanensis infection: current insights into foodborne outbreaks, diagnostic challenges, molecular epidemiology, and future directions.

Cyclospora cayetanensis causes prolonged or relapsing watery diarrhea and is an important cause of foodborne outbreaks, most often associated with contaminated fresh produce. Recent multistate outbreaks in the United States have highlighted how short product shelf life, complex s...

An integrated One Health surveillance on cyclosporiasis outbreaks in the United States.

Cyclosporiasis Outbreak in Michigan, May-July 2026 - An Interim Report.

AbstractIn June 2026, Michigan identified a cyclosporiasis outbreak; the number of reported cases substantially exceeded the usual number of seasonal reports. As of July 22, 2026, 6065 cases had been reported across 69 of Michigan's 83 counties, with dates of illness onset rangin...

Domestically Acquired Cyclosporiasis Cases in Multiple U.S. States, 2026.

Cyclospora: "Explosive diarrhoea" cases now spread to almost every US state.

The silence of the alarms: Cyclospora and the fragility of foodborne surveillance.

Optimization of the Mit1C real-time PCR assay using Bio-Rad CFX96 for the detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in agricultural waters.

Increased cases of cyclosporiasis within the United States linked to domestically grown fresh produce highlight the need to identify sources of environmental contamination for Cyclospora cayetanensis. Recently, the Mit1C real-time PCR assay was validated by the U.S. FDA as the US...

Cyclosporiasis: "Explosive diarrhoea" spreads to UK in outbreak linked to Mexico.

What Is Cyclosporiasis?

Cyclosporiasis: should people avoid fruit and vegetables?

Cyclosporiasis: as "explosive diarrhoea" sweeps US, what's behind the outbreak and what is Trump's role?

WHO estimates of the global, regional, and national burden of 14 foodborne diarrhoeal enteric hazards, 2000-21: an updated data synthesis.

Foodborne diseases cause significant illness and death globally. We updated WHO estimates of the burden caused by diarrhoeal hazards commonly transmitted by food: Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and other thermotolerant Campylobacter species; Cryptosporidium spp; Cyclos...

Burden of intestinal protozoan parasites coinciding with Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms.

Protozoal infections are underdiagnosed contributors to gastrointestinal disease. As their symptoms frequently overlap with those of Helicobacter pylori infection, a leading cause of gastrointestinal illness, coinfections may be overlooked. This study aimed to determine the preva...

A Review of Reclaimed Water Use for Irrigation of Produce Crops and Food Safety Aspects in the United States.

The global use of reclaimed (or recycled) water for irrigation in agriculture presents a sustainable solution to water scarcity and regional saltwater intrusion control by augmenting freshwater supplies. Reclaimed water typically consists of municipal wastewater effluent that has...

Clinical and Epidemiologic Characteristics With Molecular Confirmation of Cyclosporiasis in Pediatric Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department With Acute Diarrheal Disease in Quindio, Colombia.

No analyses have explored the differential clinical characteristics of cyclosporiasis compared with other diarrheal etiologies. We conducted a prospective study of 118 children with diarrheal illnesses. Stool samples were analyzed using Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining and polymerase...

Senescent Oocysts Maintain Transcriptional Activity During Extended Refrigerated Storage and Differentially Express Characteristic Genes.

Enteric coccidian parasites harm agriculture and human health. Infectious, sporulated parasites eventually senesce. Here, we examined transcriptional changes in sporulated oocysts of stored for 4-30 months at 4 °C. Precipitous decline in RNA abundance and transcription followed...

Intestinal protozoa in celiac disease: Detection and phylogenetic characterization.

Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic, immune-mediated enteropathy of the small intestine and may be associated with parasitic infections. This study investigated the prevalence of intestinal protozoan parasites in patients with CD and evaluated genetic variation using phylogenetic an...

Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the detection of .

Many surveillance studies worldwide have reported the presence of oocysts, or DNA, on a variety of fruits and vegetables using either microscopy or PCR-based methods respectively. However, the true prevalence of on foods is still largely unknown due to a lack of efficient, acce...

Molecular detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in fresh produce and irrigation water in peri-urban settings: a cross-sectional study of the environmental-agricultural interface.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is an important foodborne parasite worldwide, with fresh produce and contaminated irrigation water as major transmission vehicles. In South Asia, environmental surveillance data remain limited. We investigated the occurrence of C. cayetanensis DNA in fresh...

Persistence of protozoan parasites and on plant tissue in soil.

Tilling under is a method growers employ in an effort to remediate instances of widespread contamination in fields of crops, but its effectiveness with respect to specific pathogens remains poorly understood. This study had two overarching goals: first, to assess the survival dyn...

Coccidian co-infections in immuno-compromised patients: Prevalence, clinical impact, and insights from a tertiary care centre.

Coccidian parasites are significant emerging contributors to the changing aetiological landscape of diarrhoeal diseases, primarily affecting individuals from lower socio-economic backgrounds. They pose a great threat to the immuno-compromised in whom co-infections may lead to con...

Validating the Updated BAM Chapter 19b Method for the Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in Outbreak-Linked Fresh Produce.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is a human-specific protozoan parasite that induces the diarrheal illness cyclosporiasis. This study evaluated the ability to detect C. cayetanensis in artificially contaminated fresh produce commodities previously linked to C. cayetanensis outbreaks. Pars...

The burden of cyclosporiasis in immuno-compromised patients: A growing public health issue lessons from case studies.

is an emerging notifiable food-and-water-borne coccidian parasite causing gastro-intestinal-disease in humans. Detailed information about its biology-associated risk-factors and routes of transmission remain poorly understood; the lack-of-comprehensive epidemiological data underl...

Current research trends towards the control of protozoans in foods.

Protozoan parasites such as Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Toxoplasma gondii and Cyclospora cayetanensis remain difficult-to-control hazards in food due to environmental persistence, low infectious doses, and the interpretability gap between nucleic acid detection and...

First molecular detection and characterization of in an Italian clinical case.

We report the first molecularly confirmed, genetically sequenced, and phylogenetically traced case of locally acquired infection in Italy. Earlier Italian reports described clinical cases of cyclosporiasis. However, sequence-based molecular confirmation and phylogenetic traceabi...

Revelation of DNA aptamer sequences that bind Cyclospora cayetanensis.

This article completes the preliminary work published in the Journal of Fluorescence (PMID: 38109032) that demonstrated both external surface and seemingly internal binding of DNA aptamers to Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts by disclosing the actual aptamer DNA sequences for publi...

Updated Estimates of the Global, Regional and National Burden, and Etiology of Diarrheal Diseases Transmissible via Food: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analytical Modelling Study for the World Health Organization.

Diarrheal disease is caused by diverse species of viruses, bacteria and protozo that are transmitted from different sources, including from contaminated food. Sustaining progress in reducing diarrheal illnesses and deaths, including vaccines and food safety measures, may require...

Deep learning-based detection and viability assessment of Eimeria oocysts.

Coccidiosis, caused by Eimeria species, is a significant disease affecting the poultry industry worldwide, leading to substantial economic losses due to reduced flock performance. Effective vaccination strategies require the precise quantification of the dosage of viable Eimeria...

Molecular characterization of human pathogenic Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Giardia duodenalis and Cyclospora cayetanensis of diarrheal outpatients in Yangtze river delta region, China.

Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Cyclospora cayetanensis are usually classified as Neglected Tropical Diseases, causing giardiasis, microsporidiosis and cyclosporiasis, respectively, which significantly contributed to food- and water-transmitted intestinal illnesse...

Next-Gen intestinal parasite detection: Leveraging metataxonomics for improved diagnosis of intestinal protists and helminths.

Intestinal parasites continue to pose a significant public health burden in low- and middle-income countries and are increasingly recognized in developed regions. Traditional diagnostic methods, primarily based on microscopy, remain widely used despite limitations in sensitivity...

Current Knowledge and Future Directions for Cyclospora cayetanensis Research and Its Surrogates.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is a foodborne protozoan parasite that causes cyclosporiasis, a disease transmitted by the consumption of sporulated oocysts, often via contaminated produce. Since 2018, outbreaks traced back to domestically grown produce in the United States have raised g...

Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of travel-associated cyclosporiasis in Santiago, Chile: Descriptive analysis over 5 years.

is a neglected intestinal parasite and emerging cause of gastrointestinal illness in travelers. The global distribution, life cycle, and clinical features of cyclosporiasis remain poorly understood. The present study analyzes the clinico-epidemiological characteristics of cyclosp...

The Rinconada Lake System (RLS) as a Potential Reservoir of Protozoan Parasites in Camarines Sur, Philippines.

Protozoan and helminthic parasitism remain significant health and economic burdens, particularly in developing countries such as the Philippines. This study evaluated the Rinconada Lake System (RLS) in Camarines Sur, comprising Lakes Buhi, Bato, and Baao, as a potential reservoir...

Opportunistic intestinal parasitic infections and associated factors among patients living with HIV/AIDS attending antiretroviral therapy in the Central Ethiopia Regional State: a multi-center analytical cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Opportunistic infections have several complications and negative impacts on the patients and the family. Despite the improvement in the provision of antiretroviral therapy, opportunistic intestinal parasitic infections are major public health concerns, especially in a...

Development of a field-deployable RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a assay for the detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in human feces.

Cyclospora is an emerging intestinal pathogenic protozoan transmitted through foodborne and waterborne routes. At least 19 countries in the world have recorded outbreaks of cyclosporiasis, mainly associated with the consumption of contaminated fresh agricultural products. The lac...

Gastrointestinal Parasites in Humans and Rhesus Macaques: A Cross-Sectional Study in Bhaktapur, Nepal.

Gastrointestinal parasitism in wild animals at the human-wildlife interface may be a warning concern both for wildlife health and human health. The current study was conducted to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in humans and rhesus macaques () in the Nilbar...

Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiota composition and function in wild mice () infected with .

() is a pathogenic microsporidian that infects a variety of hosts, including wild mice, potentially influencing their gut microbiota. This study aims to explore how infection influences the gut microbiota composition and function in wild mice. Fecal samples were collected from 2...

Suppression/competition PCR: A novel method to minimize unwanted amplicons in metabarcoding, with applications to parasite detection in fecal samples.

Metabarcoding is widely used for detecting microorganisms in fecal samples, but its effectiveness is often limited by the co-amplification of abundant non-target DNA. In this study, a novel metabarcoding assay was developed to amplify a near-complete 18S rRNA gene fragment suitab...

Prevalence of Cyclospora cayetanensis in Diarrheal Patients in Eastern India.

Cyclospora cayetanensis, a food and waterborne pathogen, is responsible for prolonged diarrheal illness. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, risk factors, and seasonal patterns of C. cayetanensis infection among diarrheal patients in eastern India. A hospital-based cr...

Diagnostic Challenges of Cyclosporiasis in Chronic Diarrhea: A Case Study.

Cyclosporiasis, caused by , is a rare opportunistic infection, particularly in immunosuppressed patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Its clinical presentation may mimic IBD, with chronic diarrhea and anemia resistant to standard therapy. We report the case of a 24-year...

Epidemiology of Infections in Canada: 2000-2022.

is a human-specific protozoan parasite that causes gastrointestinal illness, primarily through the ingestion of contaminated water or fresh produce. This study provides an epidemiological overview of cyclosporiasis in Canada from 2000 to 2022 using data from the Canadian Notifiab...

Frequency of Intestinal Protozoa in Patients Receiving Treatment at Van Special Physioactive Special Education and Rehabilitation Center.

The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of intestinal protozoa in disabled patients attending a rehabilitation center, thereby highlighting the significance of intestinal protozoa in individuals with disabilities. The study included a total of 300 individuals, compris...

Burden and Distribution of Protozoan Pathogens in Diarrhea Cases Worldwide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, 1999-2024.

Protozoan pathogens are significant contributors to global diarrheal morbidity and mortality, particularly in resource-limited settings. Despite their clinical importance, the global burden and geographic distribution of protozoan-related diarrhea remain incompletely characterize...

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of in Immunocompromised Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

, an opportunistic protozoan parasite, poses significant risks to immunocompromised patients, including those with cancer, transplants, or on hemodialysis. The aim of this study was to determine the pooled prevalence of in immunocompromised individuals (cancer, transplant, and h...

Therapeutic potential of greenly synthesized selenium nanoparticles against experimental cyclosporiasis.

Cyclospora cayetanensis (C. cayetanensis), an opportunistic intracellular coccidian, is responsible for chronic debilitating diarrheal outbreaks possessing life-threatening penalties, especially in immunocompromised patients. The solemn therapeutic agents against cyclosporiasis a...

Chronic infection in a heart transplant patient with intestinal malabsorption: a case report.

Cyclosporiasis is a rare cause of chronic diarrhea and malabsorption in immunosuppressed patients. We report an unusual case of chronic infection in a heart transplant patient with a five-month history of watery diarrhea and weight loss. Initial stool testing failed to discover...

Worldwide Epidemiology of Cyclospora cayetanensis in HIV/AIDS Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian protozoan parasite belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of C. cayetanensis in patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/ Acquired Immunodeficienc...

Evaluation of nucleic acid extraction methods for recovery of Cyclospora cayetanensis, Salmonella enterica, and murine norovirus from water and sludge.

The coccidian parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis is the causative agent for foodborne outbreaks of cyclosporiasis and multiple fresh produce recalls annually. In recent years, this organism has been reported in the water near produce growing operations during outbreak investigation...

Multicenter evaluation of the QIAstat-Dx Gastrointestinal Panel 2, a multiplex PCR platform for the diagnosis of acute gastroenteritis.

The QIAstat-Dx Gastrointestinal Panel 2 (GI2 Panel) is a sample-to-answer multiplex PCR instrument that can detect 17 targets in a run time of about 80 minutes. The performance of the QIAstat-Dx GI2 Panel was evaluated by testing 1,939 prospective, 119 prospectively collected and...

Molecular Prevalence of spp. in Tibetan Antelope () in China.

spp. is a globally distributed foodborne intestinal parasite with potential zoonotic risk. The Tibetan antelope (), an iconic wildlife species in China, is classified as a national first-class protected animal. However, data on spp. infections in Tibetan antelope remain limited....

The first molecular study of Cystoisospora belli and Cyclospora cayetanensis in HIV/AIDS patients from Northern Iran.

Cystoisospora belli and Cyclospora cayetanensis have been known to cause a range of gastrointestinal and systemic complications, particularly in HIV/AIDS patients with low immunity. The manifestations are more severe in patients with CD4 + T-cell counts below 200 cells/µl. The cu...

The Epidemiology and Determinants of Opportunistic Intestinal Parasites Among HIV-Positive Patients Attending Care and Treatment Centers in Northcentral Ethiopia.

Opportunistic intestinal parasites (OIPs) cause significant morbidity and mortality among HIV-positive people due to the decline of CD4+ T-cells. In Ethiopia, the burden of this infection is high due to poor personal and environmental hygiene. The present study is aimed at findin...

First report of biological contaminants in household water in the Philippines and long-term viability of Acanthamoeba species in one-year-old household water sediment.

This study aimed to detect biological contaminants, specifically Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Giardia, and FLAs, in Metro Manila, Philippines' household water samples. Eighty household water samples comprising 40 unfiltered water/water filter scrapings (F0) and 40 filtered water...

Stool multiplex PCR assay versus conventional stool tests for detecting gastrointestinal infection as a cause for flare of inflammatory bowel disease.

In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a flare can be due to natural history of disease or due to gastrointestinal infection. Infection is conventionally diagnosed by stool microscopy and culture. Stool multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay or Biofire® FilmArray GI Panel...

Assessing the sequencing success and analytical specificity of a targeted amplicon deep sequencing workflow for genotyping the foodborne parasite .

Epidemiological investigations of the foodborne parasitic illness cyclosporiasis can be aided by molecular techniques that enable the identification of genetically related clusters of isolates. At the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), routine genotyping for the...

Isolation and molecular detection of from water samples in Mosul city.

can be transferred via water- and food-borne routes, and it causes diseases; therefore, it is considered a major public health concern worldwide. The objectives of this study were to detect in water using microscopic examination and molecular biology and to determine the relatio...

Detectability and Persistence of Oocysts in Artificially Contaminated Soil and Fresh Herbs Grown Under Controlled Climatic Conditions.

oocysts are thought to be highly resistant in the environment but the climatic factors which determine the presence/persistence of oocysts are currently unknown. The main objective of this study was to determine the effects of temperature, water content, and soil texture on det...

Correction: Molecular confirmation of Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora species in children with acute diarrhoea in Quindio region, Colombia.

Outbreak of Cyclosporiasis Among Patrons of a Mexican-Style Restaurant - Limestone County, Alabama, May-June 2023.

In early June 2023, the Alabama Department of Public Health identified five laboratory-confirmed cyclosporiasis case reports with a common patient exposure of eating at one Mexican-style restaurant. Common signs of cyclosporiasis include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, and lo...

Morphological and autofluorescence assessment of oocysts differentiate live from dead coccidian parasites.

To assess and mitigate foodborne risk, regulatory agencies and produce growers require the means not merely to detect but moreover determine the viability of foodborne eukaryotic pathogens such as Cyclospora cayetanensis. Viability assessment would also aid those employing live a...

Updating global estimates of pathogen-attributable diarrhoeal disease burden: a methodology and integrated protocol for a broad-scope systematic review of a syndrome with diverse infectious aetiologies.

Sustaining declines in global infectious disease burden will increasingly require efforts targeted to specific aetiological agents and common transmission pathways, particularly in this era of global change and human interconnectivity accelerating transmission and emergence of in...

Intestinal parasite infection in non-human primates from The Gambia, West Africa, and their relationship to human activity.

In many areas of The Gambia, West Africa, population crowding in a degraded environment has forced close interactions of diurnal primate species with humans. We assessed intestinal parasitic infection prevalence and diversity in 4 diurnal non-human primate (NHP) species, and ac...

Transmission of parasites to people via food: how can we determine their impact and why do we need to know?

Foodborne parasites exert a considerable burden on human health, and this can be estimated using the disability-adjusted life year metric, enabling comparisons across regions, age groups, and among parasites and other foodborne hazards. Previous estimates of the burden exerted by...

Molecular confirmation of Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora species in children with acute diarrhoea in Quindio region, Colombia.

There are no reports with molecular confirmation of Cryptosporidium spp. and Cyclospora spp. in children consulting the emergency service due to diarrhoea in Colombia. A descriptive study was performed on 137 children who visited the Hospital San Juan de Dios Emergency Service in...

Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic on the Prevalence and Incidence of Enteric Protozoa in a Spanish Tertiary-Care Hospital and a Referral Center for Tropical Diseases, 2019-2023.

The aim of this study was to describe the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with symptoms of enteric protozoa (EP), including spp., , , spp., , and , in the overall population and in patients who were consulted at a National Referr...

Epidemiology, molecular characterization, and risk factors of Acanthamoeba spp., Blastocystis spp., and Cyclospora spp. infections in snakes in China.

Snakes are widely farmed in China for medicinal purposes and as pets worldwide. Acanthamoeba spp., Blastocystis spp., and Cyclospora spp. are significant zoonotic pathogens frequently discovered in various animals, causing diseases with global public health implications. However,...

Investigation of Cyclospora spp. in farmed fur animals based on PCR-RFLP.

Cyclospora spp., foodborne intestinal protozoa with potential zoonotic risk, are distributed across the globe. However, their presence in animals bred for fur has not been extensively studied, raising concerns about zoonotic transmission. To assess the prevalence of Cyclospora sp...

UV radiation at 222, 254, and 282 nm inhibits sporulation and suppresses infectivity of oocysts.

is one of several apicomplexan parasites that can cause the economically important disease avian coccidiosis, which is transmitted the fecal-oral route. It is also a valuable model for exploring interventions capable of reducing the public health risks posed by the related foodb...

Anti-protozoal potential of electrospun polymeric nanofiber composite membranes for treatment of contaminated drinking water.

The effectiveness of conventional techniques for removal of water contaminants remains doubtful on micropollutants, including waterborne protozoa. To the best of knowledge, this study is the first highlighting the use of electrospun polymeric nanofiber composite membranes coated...

Cyclospora Genotypic Variations and Associated Epidemiologic Characteristics, United States, 2018-2021.

Seasonal cyclosporiasis outbreaks occur in the United States every year. To better understand the disease, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention developed a novel genotyping system that successfully clusters nonclonal eukaryotes. We examined temporal-geographic distribut...

Microbial Safety of Sachet Water in Ghana: A Systematic Review.

Access to safe drinking water is crucial for health and survival, yet many developing countries face significant challenges in this regard. In West Africa, rapid urbanisation has outpaced efforts to improve access to potable water, compelling households to rely on private vendors...

Development of a High-Throughput qPCR Assay for Detecting Waterborne Protozoa and Helminths Across Different Environmental Media in China.

The establishment of a high-throughput quantification approach for waterborne pathogenic protozoa and helminths is crucial for rapid screening and health risk assessment. We developed a high-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction (HT-qPCR) assay targeting 19 waterborne...

Severe symptomatic hypocalcemia due to infestation: A rare case.

Severe hypocalcemia can affect multiple systems, causing a wide variety of symptoms ranging from muscle weakness to twitching. In severe cases, it can lead to heart rhythm disturbances and seizures. A rare cause of hypocalcemia is due to malabsorption associated with prolonged ga...

Multi-laboratory validation of a modified real-time PCR assay (Mit1C) for the detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in fresh produce.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is a foodborne protozoan parasite that causes the human diarrheal disease cyclosporiasis. Recently, the US FDA developed a modified real-time PCR method based on a specific mitochondrial target gene (Mit1C) to detect C. cayetanensis in fresh produce. The m...

or Who Caused the Diarrhea?

Cyclospora cayetanensis, a parasite causing human enteritis, has been rarely reported from healthcare laboratories despite its universal presence. While it is usually responsible for self-limiting diarrhea in immunocompetent individuals, we present a case where the patient suffer...

Prevalence and genotypic characterization of zoonotic intestinal protozoan parasites in transboundary migratory Mongolian Gazelles (): the first survey.

The migration of Mongolian gazelles () poses a potential risk of outbreak for zoonotic intestinal protozoan parasite infections. This study aims to investigate the infection status of zoonotic intestinal protozoan parasites in these migratory Mongolian gazelles. We collected 120...

Shedding new light on : how the use of ultraviolet fluorescence microscopy can improve diagnosis of cyclosporiasis.

Cyclosporiasis has historically been underdiagnosed due to a lack of clinical recognition and challenges in laboratory detection. Microscopic detection of requires either the modified Kinyoun's acid-fast or safranin stains, which are not part of the standard ova-and-parasite exa...

Evaluation of aqueous chlorine and peracetic acid sanitizers to inactivate protozoa and bacteria of concern in agricultural water.

Agricultural water is a potential source of microbial contamination whereby and can enter the food supply. To reduce this risk, effective sanitization of agricultural water may be critical to food safety. As such, it is important to investigate the effects of aqueous peracetic...

Evaluating Foodborne Cyclosporiasis Using Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network and Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System Data, 2015-2019.

Cyclosporiasis has been a nationally notifiable disease in the United States since 1999, and cases have increased in recent years. We evaluated characteristics of U.S. cases and outbreaks to identify gaps and potential prevention measures for mitigating cyclosporiasis. We assesse...

Zero-Valent Iron and Sand Filtration Reduces Levels of Surrogates, and , in Water.

Recurring outbreaks of cyclosporiasis linked to fresh produce demonstrate the need to develop interventions to reduce in irrigation water. is resistant to commonly used irrigation water treatments, such as chemical sanitizers, making removal of oocysts by filtration the most su...

Prevention of foodborne viruses and pathogens in fresh produce and root vegetables.

Every year, 1 in 10 people suffers from food poisoning, and in recent years, the highest number of foodborne outbreaks has been attributed to roots/underground vegetables and fresh produce. Major pathogens include as Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes,...

Molecular Survey of Parasitic Contamination of Frozen Berries.

Berries represent healthy dietary options and contain bioactive compounds associated with a decreased risk of diseases. Despite representing healthy food choices, these products can be contaminated by pathogenic microorganisms, including parasites. Among foodborne parasites, , ,...

Filters comprised of sand and Zero Valent Iron hold promise as tools to mitigate risk posed by oocysts.

Irrigation water contaminated by human fecal material may elevate the risk of produce contamination with the enteric parasite Oocysts of are resistant to commonly used disinfectants and a method of removing from irrigation water would mitigate this risk. We evaluated zero vale...

Molecular Identification and Survey of spp. in Cattle in Shanxi Province, North China.

To date, more than 20 species in the genus have been reported. Among them, has been recognized as the causative agent of human cyclosporiasis, which is characterized by severe intestinal injury and prolonged diarrhea in patients with immune dysfunction. The presence of in catt...

The epidemiology of intestinal protozoa in the Israeli population based on molecular stool test: a nationwide study.

Stool examination using microscopy was the traditional method for the diagnosis of intestinal parasites. Recently, the use of molecular tests to identify stool protozoa has become the main tool used in most clinical laboratories in Israel. This study aimed to evaluate the prevale...

Reported Incidence of Infections Caused by Pathogens Transmitted Commonly Through Food: Impact of Increased Use of Culture-Independent Diagnostic Tests - Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 1996-2023.

Reducing foodborne disease incidence is a public health priority. This report summarizes preliminary 2023 Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) data and highlights efforts to increase the representativeness of FoodNet. During 2023, incidences of domestically ac...

Evaluation of coccidia DNA in irrigation pond water and wastewater sludge associated with 18S rRNA gene qPCR detections.

The coccidian parasite is the causative agent for foodborne outbreaks of cyclosporiasis disease and multiple annual fresh produce recalls. The aim of this study was to identify potential cross-reacting species for the 18S rRNA and MIT1C gene target real-time quantitative polyme...

Study on intestinal parasitic infections and gut microbiota in cancer patients at a tertiary teaching hospital in Malaysia.

Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) can lead to significant morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. While they are unlikely to cause severe disease and are self-limiting in healthy individuals, cancer patients are especially susceptible to opportunistic parasitic infection...

Factors influencing stunted growth in children: A study in Bandung regency focusing on a deworming program.

The prevalence of neglected tropical diseases, specifically those caused by soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) and other parasites that infest the intestine as part of their life cycle, remains a problem in Indonesia. We assessed the effects of deworming programs and socioeconomic...

Intestinal protozoa in returning travellers: a GeoSentinel analysis from 2007 to 2019.

Prolonged diarrhoea is common amongst returning travellers and is often caused by intestinal protozoa. However, the epidemiology of travel-associated illness caused by protozoal pathogens is not well described. We analysed records of returning international travellers with illnes...

Sources and Prevalence of Cyclospora cayetanensis in Southeastern U.S. Growing Environments.

Recent cyclosporiasis outbreaks associated with fresh produce grown in the United States highlight the need to better understand Cyclospora cayetanensis prevalence in U.S. agricultural environments. In this study, C. cayetanensis occurrence was assessed in municipal wastewater sl...

Occult Amebiasis among Pediatric with Enterocolitis in National Referral Hospital in Indonesia.

Enterocolitis and gastroenteritis remain major health problems, particularly in children living in developing countries. Intestinal protozoa, such as , and are frequently associated with these conditions. Amebic colitis can cause serious complications, including fulminant necrot...

Collider Bias Assessment in Colombian Indigenous Wiwa and Kogui Populations with Chronic Gastroenteric Disorder of Likely Infectious Etiology Suggests Complex Microbial Interactions Rather Than Clear Assignments of Etiological Relevance.

Multiple microbial detections in stool samples of indigenous individuals suffering from chronic gastroenteric disorder of a likely infectious origin, characterized by recurring diarrhea of variable intensity, in the rural north-east of Colombia are common findings, making the ass...

Enteric parasites Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cryptosporidium hominis in domestic and wildlife animals in Ghana.

Enteric parasitic infections remain a major public health problem globally. Cryptosporidium spp., Cyclospora spp. and Giardia spp. are parasites that cause diarrhea in the general populations of both developed and developing countries. Information from molecular genetic studies o...

Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in Food and Water Samples: Optimized Protocols for Specific and Sensitive Molecular Methods from a Regulatory Agency Perspective.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian parasite of the phylum Apicomplexa that causes cyclosporiasis, a human-specific gastrointestinal disease. Unlike most enteric pathogens, C. cayetanensis does not infect via direct fecal-oral transmission between humans because shed oocysts m...

Evaluation of the Increased Genetic Resolution and Utility for Source Tracking of a Recently Developed Method for Genotyping .

is a foodborne parasite that causes cyclosporiasis, an enteric illness in humans. Genotyping methods are used to genetically discriminate between specimens from cyclosporiasis cases and can complement source attribution investigations if the method is sufficiently sensitive for a...

The global prevalence of Cyclospora cayetanensis infection: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression.

Cyclospora cayetanensis (C. cayetanensis) is a significant pathogen that causes diarrheal illness and causes large foodborne diarrhea outbreaks in the USA and Canada. However, there is currently a lack of published meta-analysis on the prevalence of C. cayetanensis infection in t...

Field study of parasitic contamination of fruits, vegetables and leafy greens in the Ecuadorian Andes.

Raw vegetables have been considered vehicles of enteroparasites. South American countries are among the most important exporters of fresh vegetables, including Ecuador, which has a tropical climate and soils rich in organic matter that allow it to harvest throughout the year for...

Aqueous Ozone Exposure Inhibits Sporulation in the Cyclospora cayetanensis Surrogate Eimeria acervulina.

Ozone is a potent disinfecting agent used to treat potable water and wastewater, effectively clearing protozoa such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. It is unclear whether ozone treatment of water or fresh produce can reduce the spread of the emerging parasite Cyclospora cayeta...

The first Cyclospora cayetanensis lineage A genome from an isolate from Mexico.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is a protozoan parasite that causes intestinal illness in humans worldwide. Despite its global distribution, most genomic data for C. cayetanensis has been obtained from isolates collected in the United States, leaving genetic variability among globally di...

Editorial for the Special Issue and Cyclosporiasis.

Cyclosporiasis is a foodborne diarrheal illness caused by the parasite [...].

A systematic review and meta-analysis of protozoan parasite infections among patients with mental health disorders: an overlooked phenomenon.

Patients with mental disorders have a high risk of intestinal parasitic infection due to poor hygiene practices. Hence, to better clarify this overlooked phenomenon, the current study is conducted to determine the global prevalence of protozoan parasite infections in patients wit...

The burden of intestinal parasitic infections in Antioquia, Colombia: Impact in childhood growth development and nutritional status.

Gastrointestinal protist (GP) and soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections cause significant morbidity among children in poor-resource settings of tropical and sub-tropical countries including Colombia. Few prospective transversal studies investigating how GP and STH infections...

Profiling pathogenic protozoan and their functional pathways in wastewater using 18S rRNA and shotgun metagenomics.

Despite extensive research, little is known about the composition of eukaryotic protists in environmental samples. This is due to low parasite concentrations, the complexity of parasite diversity, and a lack of suitable reference databases and standardized protocols. To bridge th...

RNA-Seq of Phenotypically Distinct Strains Reveals Coordinated and Contrasting Maturation and Shared Sporogonic Biomarkers with .

Strains of , an enteric parasite of poultry, vary in virulence. Here, we performed microscopy and RNA sequencing on oocysts of strains APU-1 (which exhibits more virulence) and APU-2. Although each underwent parallel development, APU-1 initially approached maturation more slowly....

DNA Aptamer-Based Staining and Fluorescence Microscopy for Rapid Detection of Cyclospora Cayetanensis Oocysts.

There are no commercial antibodies for detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis, only a relatively slow polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). However, DNA aptamers have recently been developed by our group against known protein...

Potent efficiency of the novel nitazoxanide-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers against experimental cyclosporiasis.

Cyclosporiasis is a ubiquitous infection caused by an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite known as Cyclospora cayetanensis (C. cayetanensis). The disease is characterized by severe diarrhea which may be regrettably fatal in immunosuppressed patients. The commercially availa...

Prevalence of intestinal parasites in HIV/AIDS-infected patients with correlation to CD4+ T-cell count at hospital in Eastern India.

In developing nations, one of the most common reasons for death and illness is due to infections that are brought on by intestinal parasites. People who have HIV are more likely to contract parasites that are either well-established intestinal pathogens, like and or an opportun...

Development and Evaluation/Verification of a Fully Automated Test Platform for the Rapid Detection of in Produce Matrices.

Cyclosporiasis, caused by the coccidian parasite , has emerged as an increasing global public health concern, with the incidence of laboratory-confirmed domestically acquired cases in the US exceeding 10,000 since 2018. A recently published qPCR assay (Mit1C) based on a mitochond...

Common Intestinal Parasites.

Parasites are a source of significant illness worldwide. In the United States, giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, cyclosporiasis, and trichinellosis are nationally notifiable conditions. Pinworm, the most common intestinal parasite in children, is not a locally notifiable infection....

Surrogates of foodborne and waterborne protozoan parasites: A review.

The protozoan parasites , , and are major causes of waterborne and foodborne diseases worldwide. The assessment of their removal or inactivation during water treatment and food processing remains challenging, partly because research on these parasites is hindered by various econ...

Comparison of two novel one-tube nested real-time qPCR assays to detect human-infecting spp.

Human-infecting spp. cause gastrointestinal distress among healthy individuals contributing to morbidity and putting stress on the economics of countries and companies in the form of produce recalls. Accessible and easy-to-use diagnostic tools available to a wide variety of labo...

Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: a review of worldwide outbreaks - an update 2017-2022.

The current study presents a comprehensive review of worldwide waterborne parasitic protozoan outbreaks reported between 2017 and 2022. In total, 416 outbreaks were attributed to the waterborne transmission of parasitic protozoa. Cryptosporidium accounted for 77.4% (322) of outbr...

Novel insights on the genetic population structure of human-infecting spp. and evidence for rapid subtype selection among isolates from the USA.

Human-infecting was recently characterized as three species, two of which ( and ) are currently responsible for all known human infections in the USA, yet much remains unknown about the genetic structure within these two species. Here, we investigate genotyping data from 2018 t...

Modeling Preharvest Cyclospora cayetanensis Sampling and Testing for Various Water and Produce Sampling Plans.

As of August 2023, the two U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) official detection methods for C. cayetanensis are outlined in the FDA Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) Chapters 19b (produce testing) and 19c (agricultural water testing). These newly developed detection m...

Molecular detection and viability discrimination of zoonotic protozoan pathogens in oysters and seawater.

The presence of foodborne protozoan pathogens including Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia duodenalis, Toxoplasma gondii, and Cyclospora cayetanensis in commercial shellfish has been reported across diverse geographical regions. In the present study, a novel multiplex nested polymer...

Evaluation of nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenetics for the subtyping of Cyclospora cayetanensis.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is an enteric coccidian parasite responsible for gastrointestinal disease transmitted through contaminated food and water. It has been documented in several countries, mostly with low-socioeconomic levels, although major outbreaks have hit developed countr...

An improved framework for detecting discrete epidemiologically meaningful partitions in hierarchically clustered genetic data.

Hierarchical clustering of microbial genotypes has the limitation that hierarchical clusters are nested, where smaller groups of related isolates exist within larger groups that get progressively larger as relationships become increasingly distant. In an epidemiologic context, in...

Profuse diarrhoea in an immunocompetent returning traveller.

The Application of 3base™ Technology to Diagnose Eight of the Most Clinically Important Gastrointestinal Protozoan Infections.

Globally, over 3.5 billion people are infected with intestinal parasites each year, resulting in over 200,000 deaths. Three of the most common protozoan pathogens that affect the gastrointestinal tract of humans are spp., , and . Other protozoan agents that have been implicated...

: A Perspective (2020-2023) with Emphasis on Epidemiology and Detection Methods.

infections are prevalent worldwide, and the parasite has become a major public health and food safety concern. Although important efforts have been dedicated to advance toward preventing and reducing incidences of cyclosporiasis, there are still several knowledge gaps that hamper...

First case report of Cyclosporiasis from eastern India: Incidence of Cyclospora cayetanensis in a patient with unusual diarrheal symptoms.

Cyclospora cayetanensis, a recently described coccidian parasite causes severe gastroenteric disease worldwide. Limited studies are found on the incidence of C. cayetanensis infection from India; hence remains largely unknown. To date, no case of cyclosporiasis from eastern India...

The limit of detection of the BioFire® FilmArray® gastrointestinal panel for the foodborne parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis.

Cyclosporiasis is a foodborne diarrheal illness caused by the parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis. The BioFire® FilmArray® gastrointestinal (FilmArray GI) panel is a common method for diagnosing cyclosporiasis from clinical stool samples. The currently published limit of detection (...

Retrospective evaluation of an integrated molecular-epidemiological approach to cyclosporiasis outbreak investigations - United States, 2021.

Cyclosporiasis results from an infection of the small intestine by parasites after ingestion of contaminated food or water, often leading to gastrointestinal distress. Recent developments in temporally linking genetically related isolates demonstrated effectiveness in supportin...

Microscopic and Molecular Identification of and in HIV-Infected People in Tabriz, Northwest of Iran.

Opportunistic pathogens such as , , and cause various gastrointestinal and non-digestive disorders in people with HIV/AIDS. These symptoms are especially severe in HIV-infected people who have a CD4+ count of less than 200 cells/mL. This study aimed to determine the prevalence o...

Notes from the Field: Doubling of Cyclosporiasis Cases Partially Attributable to a Salad Kit - Florida, 2021-2022.

An Unlikely Guest With an Overstayed Welcome: -Induced Postinfectious Irritable Bowel Syndrome.

Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome is a phenomenon that can occur following bouts of acute gastroenteritis. While bacterial pathogens are typically implicated in the development of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome, viral and parasitic infections should also be conside...

Preliminary Incidence and Trends of Infections Caused by Pathogens Transmitted Commonly Through Food - Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 10 U.S. Sites, 2022.

Each year, infections from major foodborne pathogens are responsible for an estimated 9.4 million illnesses, 56,000 hospitalizations, and 1,350 deaths in the United States (1). To evaluate progress toward prevention of enteric infections in the United States, the Foodborne Diseas...

Evaluation of the Performance of the Novodiag Stool Parasites Assay for the Detection of Intestinal Protozoa and Microsporidia.

We aimed to assess the performance of the Novodiag Stool Parasites (NSP) assay in the diagnosis of the most common intestinal protozoan and microsporidia infections. A panel of 167 selected stool samples was retrospectively analysed with the NSP assay and compared to routine micr...

Investigation of spp., spp. and in Samples Collected from Different Spring Waters Iğdır, Türkiye.

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the physical and chemical properties of different spring waters and parasitic factors with different methods. This study was carried out on 69 water samples collected from different spring waters in and around Iğdır Province in April and...

Protozoan parasites and free-living amoebae contamination in organic leafy green vegetables and strawberries from Spain.

In this study, the presence of spp., sp., spp., sp., and was assessed in organic leafy green vegetables (lettuce, spinach, cabbage) and fruits (strawberry), which are usually consumed raw. A total of 110 organic samples were collected in Valencia (Spain). Protozoa were conc...

Development of a targeted amplicon sequencing method for genotyping from fresh produce and clinical samples with enhanced genomic resolution and sensitivity.

Outbreaks of cyclosporiasis, an enteric illness caused by the parasite , have been associated with consumption of various types of fresh produce. Although a method is in use for genotyping from clinical specimens, the very low abundance of in food and environmental samples pres...

Molecular Detection of in Two Main Types of Farm Soil Using Real-Time PCR Assays and Method Modification for Commercial Potting Mix.

is a foodborne protozoan parasite that causes outbreaks of diarrheal illness (cyclosporiasis) with clear seasonality worldwide. In the environment, oocysts are very robust, and contact with contaminated soil may serve as an important vehicle in the transmission of this organism,...

Epidemiologic Utility of a Framework for Partition Number Selection When Dissecting Hierarchically Clustered Genetic Data Evaluated on the Intestinal Parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis.

Comparing parasite genotypes to inform parasitic disease outbreak investigations involves computation of genetic distances that are typically analyzed by hierarchical clustering to identify related isolates, indicating a common source. A limitation of hierarchical clustering is t...

Molecular Epidemiological Investigation of spp. in Holstein Cattle in Partial Areas of the Yunnan Province, China.

spp. is a food-borne intestinal protozoan, which is widely distributed in the world and poses the risk of zoonosis. In order to reveal the prevalence of spp. in Holstein cattle in partial areas of the Yunnan Province, 524 fresh fecal samples of Holstein cattle were collected fro...

Intestinal Coccidian Infections in Cancer Patients: A Case Series.

Introduction Coccidian protozoa and microsporidian fungi are opportunistic pathogens increasingly implicated in infections in immunosuppressed individuals. These parasites typically infect the intestinal epithelium, resulting in secretory diarrhea and malabsorption. The disease b...

Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis (microsporidia) in HIV-positive patients in central Spain.

Microsporidia are fungi-related eukaryotic intracellular parasites that opportunistically infect immunocompromised individuals such as those infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Among them, Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. are the most clinically re...

[Outbreaks Due to Parasites: Examples from the World and Türkiye].

Outbreaks due to parasites can occur in various parts of the world and in different periods. These outbreaks can be caused by water and food, as well as by human-to-human or vector-borne transmission. Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia intestinalis were among the pathogens that aff...

Microsporidia in HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Pediatric Patients with Diarrhea at a Tertiary Care Hospital.

Human microsporidiosis presents as an important and rapidly emerging opportunistic infection. However, the exact burden of this infection especially in the pediatric population of Northern India remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of microsporidia among...

Editorial: , and - Insights into their transmission.

Microbial bowel infections-induced biochemical and biological abnormalities and their effects on young Egyptian swimmers.

Swimmers' personal hygiene affects the spread of microbes in pools. The present study aimed to determine the incidence of microbial infections among young Egyptian swimmers and its impact on swimmers' scores. From January 2020 to June 2021, 528 public club swimmers were examined...

Migrating Anatidae as Sources of Environmental Contamination with Zoonotic , , and Microsporidia.

, , , and microsporidia are gastrointestinal pathogens that can cause various disease symptoms in both animals and humans. Numerous studies worldwide have confirmed the presence of these eukaryotic pathogens in nesting and migrating wild geese, ducks, and swans. Migration spreads...

Development of a new multiplex PCR to detect fecal coccidian parasite.

Cryptosporidium spp., Cystoisospora belli and Cyclospora cayetanensis are common intestinal coccidian parasites causing gastroenteritis. The clinical presentation caused by each parasite is indistinguishable from each other. Uniplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for these three...

Diarrhoeal pathogens in the stools of children living with HIV in Ibadan, Nigeria.

Diarrhoea can be debilitating in young children. Few aetiological investigations in Africans living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been performed since antiretrovirals became widely available. Stool specimens from children with diarrhoea living with HIV, and HIV-uni...

Immunogenic multi-epitope-based vaccine development to combat cyclosporiasis of immunocompromised patients applying computational biology method.

Cyclospora cayetanensis infections, also known as cyclosporiasis, persist to be the prevalent emerging protozoan parasite and an opportunist that causes digestive illness in immunocompromised individuals. In contrast, this causal agent can affect people of all ages, with children...

The Tubulin Superfamily in Apicomplexan Parasites.

Microtubules and specialized microtubule-containing structures are assembled from tubulins, an ancient superfamily of essential eukaryotic proteins. Here, we use bioinformatic approaches to analyze features of tubulins in organisms from the phylum Apicomplexa. Apicomplexans are p...

Monitoring the Trends in Intestinal Parasite Frequencies; 2018 and 2022 Data.

Monitoring intestinal parasite frequencies is effective on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies to be developed against these parasites. In this study, it was aimed to reveal the parasite species and frequency data of stool samples in parasitology direct diagnosis labo...

Optimizing hierarchical tree dissection parameters using historic epidemiologic data as 'ground truth'.

Hierarchical clustering of pathogen genotypes is widely used to complement epidemiologic investigations of outbreaks. Investigators must dissect trees to obtain genetic partitions that provide epidemiologists with meaningful information. Statistical approaches to tree dissection...

Infection in Developed Countries: Potential Endemic Foci?

infection has emerged as a significant public health concern worldwide. Developed countries are generally considered non-endemic for infection. However, sporadic cases and non-travel-related outbreaks of infections associated with domestically grown produce are becoming more com...

Expression of Concern: The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of the Foodborne Parasitic Pathogen Cyclospora cayetanensis.

Should we treat Blastocystis sp.? A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized pilot trial.

Blastocystis sp. is a worldwide-distributed protist colonizing the guts of humans and a great variety of animals. It is unclear whether it is just a commensal or an infectious parasite that prompts eradication.The main objective of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of met...

Factors associated with Cyclospora infection in a Venezuelan community: extreme poverty and soil transmission relate to cyclosporiasis.

Transmission dynamics of Cyclospora cayetanensis in endemic areas and the factors associated with soil contamination remain unclear. The effects of environmental factors on Cyclospora have been insufficiently studied, particularly in South America, thus a Venezuelan community was...

Development and Single Laboratory Evaluation of a Refined and specific Real-time PCR Detection Method, Using Mitochondrial Primers (Mit1C), for the Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in Produce.

Regulatory methods for detection of the foodborne protozoan parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis must be specific and sensitive. To that end, we designed and evaluated (in a single laboratory validation) a novel and improved primer/probe combination (Mit1C) for real-time PCR detectio...

A NEW EIMERIAN (APICOMPLEXA: EIMERIIDAE) FROM EASTERN MOLE, SCALOPUS AQUATICUS (MAMMALIA: EULIPOTYPHLA: TALPIDAE), IN CENTRAL ARKANSAS, WITH ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON CYCLOSPORA YATESI MCALLISTER, MOTRIUK-SMITH, AND KERR.

The eastern mole, Scalopus aquaticus (L.), is a common inhabitant of loamy soils in Canada, the eastern United States, and Mexico. Seven coccidian parasites have been previously reported from S. aquaticus, including 3 cyclosporans and 4 eimerians from hosts taken in Arkansas and...

comprises at least 3 species that cause human cyclosporiasis.

The apicomplexan parasite causes seasonal foodborne outbreaks of the gastrointestinal illness cyclosporiasis. Prior to the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic, annually reported cases were increasing in the USA, leading the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to develop...

First report on occurrence and genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Cryptosporidium spp. and Cyclospora cayetanensis from diarrheal outpatients in Ningbo, Southeast China.

Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Cryptosporidium spp. and Cyclospora cayetanensis are three important zoonotic pathogens which were a major cause of foodborne or waterborne intestinal diseases in humans and animals. However, very little data about occurrence and genotypes of the three pa...

The Presence of Protozoan Parasites in Drinking Waters and Environmental Waters in Denizli City Center.

The presence of protozoan parasites in agricultural irrigation and drinking water resources at Denizli city center was investigated in detail for the first time. The research was carried out between October 2017 and October 2018 and 84 water samples were taken from 7 different st...

Review on Cyclosporiasis Outbreaks and Potential Molecular Markers for Tracing Back Investigations.

Cyclosporiasis is an emerging disease caused by , which induces protracting and relapsing gastroenteritis and has been linked to huge and complicated travel- and food-related outbreaks worldwide. Cyclosporiasis has become more common in both developing and developed countries as...

Cyclosporiasis in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients - A Twelve years experience from a tertiary care centre in Northern India.

Cyclosporiasis is an emerging enteric coccidian parasitic disease worldwide, caused by the parasite . There is scanty data from India, especially among immunocompetent patients. The aim is to evaluate the occurrence of in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. It is a p...

Targeted next generation sequencing of mitochondrial genomes from seeded fresh produce and other seeded food samples.

a coccidian apicomplexan parasite, causes large outbreaks of foodborne diarrheal disease globally. Tracking the source of oocyst contamination in food items is essential to reduce, even prevent outbreaks. We previously showed that a genotyping method based on mitochondrial singl...

Preliminary Incidence and Trends of Infections Caused by Pathogens Transmitted Commonly Through Food - Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 10 U.S. Sites, 2016-2021.

To evaluate progress toward prevention of enteric infections in the United States, the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) conducts active population-based surveillance for laboratory-diagnosed infections caused by Campylobacter, Cyclospora, Listeria, Salmone...

Hastening Progress in Requires Studying Surrogates.

is an enigmatic human parasite that sickens thousands of people worldwide. The scarcity of research material and lack of any animal model or cell culture system slows research, denying the produce industry, epidemiologists, and regulatory agencies of tools that might aid diagnosi...

A baseline epidemiological study of the co-infection of enteric protozoans with human immunodeficiency virus among men who have sex with men from Northeast China.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and enteric parasite co-infection not only aggravates the clinical symptoms of parasites but also accelerates acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) progression. However, co-infection research on men who have sex with men (MSM), the predomina...

Development of a Molecular Marker Based on the Mitochondrial Genome for Detection of in Food and Water Samples.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian parasite that causes diarrheal illness outbreaks worldwide. The development of new laboratory methods for detection of C. cayetanensis is of critical importance because of the high potential for environmental samples to be contaminated with...

Evaluation of various distance computation methods for construction of haplotype-based phylogenies from large MLST datasets.

Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) is widely used to investigate genetic relationships among eukaryotic taxa, including parasitic pathogens. MLST analysis workflows typically involve construction of alignment-based phylogenetic trees - i.e., where tree structures are computed fro...

Molecular identification of Eimeria species in liver and feces of naturally infected rabbits in Japan.

Among the 11 species of Eimeria in rabbits, some of which are known to be pathogenic and cause enteritis, E. stiedae induces severe liver lesions resulting in elevated mortality. Unlike in other countries, the incidence and prevalence of the parasites in rabbits have not been rep...

Comparative Evaluation of an Easy Laboratory Method for the Concentration of Oocysts and Commercial DNA Isolation Kits for the Molecular Detection of in Silt Loam Soil Samples.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is a protozoan parasite that causes foodborne outbreaks of diarrheal illness (cyclosporiasis) worldwide. Contact with soil may be an important mode of transmission for C. cayetanensis and could play a role in the contamination of foods. However, there is a...

The Clinical Features and Immunological Signature of Co-Infection among People Living with HIV in Ghana.

Background: There is a paucity of information on the contemporary burden, disease patterns, and immunological profile of people living with HIV who are co-infected with C. cayetanensis in the post-antiretroviral therapy era. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, stool samples...

Seasonal trends of Cyclospora cayetanensis infections in a community of Falcon State, Northwestern Venezuela.

Cyclosporiasis has a marked seasonality. Few community-based studies have addressed this issue and there are no reports from Venezuela. A study was conducted to determine the seasonal variation of infection in a community from Falcon State, Venezuela. A sample of 732 individuals...

Microbial Safety of Beef Along Beef Value Chains in the Ashaiman Municipality of Ghana.

Food from animal sources continues to be a significant food safety hazard. This study determined the microbial quality and safety of beef along beef value chains with case studies in the Ashaiman Municipality of Ghana. Raw beef samples were collected from four slaughter slabs in...

Genotyping Cyclospora cayetanensis From Multiple Outbreak Clusters With An Emphasis on a Cluster Linked to Bagged Salad Mix-United States, 2020.

Cyclosporiasis is a diarrheal illness caused by the foodborne parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis. Annually reported cases have been increasing in the United States prompting development of genotyping tools to aid cluster detection. A recently developed Cyclospora genotyping system...

Global Burden of Infection and Associated Risk Factors in People Living with HIV and/or AIDS.

infections remain one of the most common protozoan opportunistic causes of gastrointestinal diseases and diarrhea among people living with HIV and/or AIDS (PLWHA). This study was conducted to provide a summary of the evidence on the global burden of infection and associated risk...

Transmission electron microscopy on a case of infection from an immune-competent case confirms and extends prior detailed descriptions of its notably small endogenous stage.

Although infections with are prevalent worldwide, many aspects of this parasite's life cycle remain unknown. Humans are the only known hosts, existing information on its endogenous development has been derived from histological examination of only a few biopsy specimens. In hist...

Applications in Which Aptamers Are Needed or Wanted in Diagnostics and Therapeutics.

One strategy for bringing aptamers more into the mainstream of biomedical diagnostics and therapeutics is to exploit niche applications where aptamers are truly needed or wanted for their innate differences versus antibodies. This brief review article highlights some of those rel...

The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Access to Healthcare: The Experience of the Diagnostic Parasitology Laboratory of Ege University.

Beyond the Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) itself, the pandemic influenced healthcare settings in all aspects. It is aimed to demonstrate the effect of the pandemic on access to the healthcare setting in the parasitology direct diagnosis laboratory. Stool parasitological exam...

Retrospective Analysis of the Distribution of Intestinal Parasites in Patients Admitted to Dicle University Faculty of Medicine Between the Years 2011-2020.

The purpose of this study was to determine and evaluate retrospectively the distribution of intestinal parasites detected in patients who applied to Dicle University Medical Faculty Parasitology Laboratory between 2011-2020. Stool samples sent to the parasitology laboratory for p...

Identification and Semi-quantification of Protozoa from the Digestive System Microbiota of the Lobster Cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea Oliver, 1789 (Insecta:Blattaria).

The lobster cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea (N. cinerea) is indicated as a promising non-mammalian model, because it presents behavioral and biochemical alterations also observed in conventional models. In this research, we identified and characterized the distribution of protozoa th...

Standardization of molecular techniques for the detection and characterization of intestinal protozoa and other pathogens in humans.

The intrinsic sensitivity limitations of basic parasitological methods, along with the particular biological characteristics of parasites, make these methods ineffective to differentiate morphologically indistinguishable species. Molecular detection and characterization technique...

Cyclosporiasis in an immunocompromised patient who had undergone renal allograft transplant-A rare case report.

Cyclospora spp. is an important cause of traveler's diarrhea or water and food-borne diarrhoeal diseases. We present an interesting but rare case report of cyclosporiasis in a 51-year-old male who had undergone renal allograft transplant six years ago. He also had a past history...

Verification and Use of the US-FDA BAM 19b Method for Detection of in a Survey of Fresh Produce by CFIA Laboratory.

To facilitate the harmonized surveillance and investigation of cyclosporiasis outbreaks in the US and Canada, we adapted and verified the US-FDA's BAM 19b method and employed it in a national produce survey. Performance was verified by spiking 200, 10, 5 or 0 oocysts onto berrie...

Intestinal Protozoan Infections in Patients with Diarrhea - Shanghai Municipality, Zhenjiang City, and Danyang City, China, 2011-2015 and 2019-2021.

Intestinal protozoa are common pathogens of diarrhea globally. However, the etiology of diarrhea due to intestinal protozoan infections in China is not known. Based on active syndromic surveillance in Shanghai, Zhenjiang, and Danyang during 2011-2015 and 2019-2021, 89 (1.67%) pat...

Genotyping Canadian Isolates to Supplement Cyclosporiasis Outbreak Investigations.

is an emerging foodborne parasite that causes cyclosporiasis, an enteric disease of humans. Domestically acquired outbreaks have been reported in Canada every spring or summer since 2013. To date, investigations into the potential sources of infection have relied solely on epidem...

A case of severe diarrhoea caused by in an immunocompromised patient in northern Spain.

is a parasite that causes intestinal disease that can be especially severe in immunocompromised patients. Most cases occur in tropical and subtropical areas, and in industrialized countries their diagnosis is mostly linked to international travel or the ingestion of imported food...

Occurrence of the protozoan parasites Toxoplasma gondii and Cyclospora cayetanensis in the invasive Atlantic blue crab Callinectes sapidus from the Lesina Lagoon (SE Italy).

The occurrence of the protozoan parasites Toxoplasma gondii and Cyclospora cayetanensis was molecularly investigated in the hemolymph, gills, stomach, hepatopancreas and gonads of the eleven invasive Atlantic blue crab Callinectes sapidus from the Lesina Lagoon (Mediterranean Sea...

Selecting a multiplex PCR panel for accurate molecular diagnosis of intestinal protists: a comparative study of Allplex (Seegene), G-DiaParaTrio (Diagenode), and RIDAGENE (R-Biopharm) assays and microscopic examination.

Commercial multiplex PCR assay panels were developed to overcome the limitations of microscopic examination for parasitological diagnosis on stool samples. However, given the increased supply of this diagnostic approach, these assays must be evaluated to position them in a diagno...

Draft Hybrid Genome Assembly of a Canadian Cyclospora cayetanensis Isolate.

The apicomplexan parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis causes foodborne gastrointestinal disease in humans. Here, we report the first hybrid assembly for C. cayetanensis, which uses both Illumina MiSeq and Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION platforms to generate genomic sequence data...

Comparison of Three Real-Time PCR Assays for the Detection of in Stool Samples Targeting the 18S rRNA Gene and the Gene.

Diagnostic real-time PCR for the detection of in human stool samples has been applied for two decades. However, recent comparative assessments between in-house and commercial assays suggested room for improvement regarding the agreement of positive signals of the applied real-ti...

Surveillance of berries sold on the Norwegian market for parasite contamination using molecular methods.

The risk of foodborne parasite infection linked to the consumption of contaminated fresh produce has long been known. However, despite epidemiological links between the outbreaks and contaminated berries, few studies have assessed the magnitude of parasite contamination on fresh...

Life Cycle and Transmission of : Knowns and Unknowns.

Although infections with are prevalent worldwide, many aspects of this parasite's life cycle and transmission remain unknown. Humans are the only known hosts of this parasite. Existing information on its endogenous development has been derived from histological examination of on...

Intestinal apicomplexan parasitoses among a hospital-based population in Honduras, 2013-2019.

Intestinal apicomplexa protozoa are a recognized cause of gastroenteritis. They are endemic in Honduras and their epidemiology varies in different population groups. To identify risk factors for cyclosporiasis, cryptosporidiosis, and cystoisosporiasis. We conducted a case-control...

Cyclospora cayetanensis.

Dynamically expressed genes provide candidate viability biomarkers in a model coccidian.

Eimeria parasites cause enteric disease in livestock and the closely related Cyclospora cayetanensis causes human disease. Oocysts of these coccidian parasites undergo maturation (sporulation) before becoming infectious. Here, we assessed transcription in maturing oocysts of Eime...

Risk Evaluation of Pathogenic Intestinal Protozoa Infection Among Laboratory Macaques, Animal Facility Workers, and Nearby Villagers From One Health Perspective.

Previous epidemiological studies have confirmed non-human primates (NHPs) as reservoirs for spp. , , and . It highlights the possibility of interspecies transmission between humans and macaques in laboratory animal facilities. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of pa...

Waterborne protozoan outbreaks: An update on the global, regional, and national prevalence from 2017 to 2020 and sources of contamination.

The aim of this review is to identify the worldwide trend of waterborne protozoan outbreaks and how it varies between geographic regions during the period from 2017 to 2020. Data about waterborne protozoan outbreaks were gathered and stratified by continent, country, water source...

Evaluation of microbiological quality and safety of fresh-cut fruit products at retail levels in Korea.

The risk of foodborne illnesses caused by pathogens could be increased in fresh-cut fruit products owing to contamination during processing. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the microbiological quality and safety of commercial fresh-cut fruit products in Korea....

Investigation of US outbreaks in 2019 and evaluation of an improved genotyping system against 2019 cyclosporiasis outbreak clusters.

Cyclosporiasis is an illness characterised by watery diarrhoea caused by the food-borne parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis. The increase in annual US cyclosporiasis cases led public health agencies to develop genotyping tools that aid outbreak investigations. A team at the Centers...

Cyclosporiasis-Updates on Clinical Presentation, Pathology, Clinical Diagnosis, and Treatment.

is an intestinal coccidian parasite transmitted to humans through the consumption of oocysts in fecally contaminated food and water. Infection is found worldwide and is highly endemic in tropical and subtropical regions with poor sanitation. Disease in developed countries is usua...

Cyclosporiasis Action Plan Aims to Reduce Food Contamination.

Molecular detection of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in school children at the Thai-Myanmar border.

Few data are available on the genetic identity of enteric protists Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in humans in Thailand. In this study, 254 stool samples were collected from primary school children from Ratchaburi Province at the Thai-Myanma...

Prevalence of Pathogens in Young Children Presenting to Hospital with Diarrhea from Lambaréné, Gabon.

Diarrheal disease is the second most frequent cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years worldwide, causing more than half a million deaths each year. Our knowledge of the epidemiology of potentially pathogenic agents found in children suffering from diarrhea in sub-Saha...

Reactive Arthritis Update: Spotlight on New and Rare Infectious Agents Implicated as Pathogens.

This article presents a comprehensive narrative review of reactive arthritis (ReA) with focus on articles published between 2018 and 2020. We discuss the entire spectrum of microbial agents known to be the main causative agents of ReA, those reported to be rare infective agents,...

A review of Cyclospora cayetanensis in animals.

Cyclosporiasis is a global, emerging disease in humans caused by Cyclospora cayetanensis. The role of animals in the epidemiology of cyclosporiasis is not fully understood. We conducted a narrative review of the published literature on C. cayetanensis in animals. MEDLINE (Web of...

Reactivation of latent infections in solid organ transplant recipients from sub-Saharan Africa: What should be remembered?

International migration from Sub-Saharan African countries to the European Union and the United States has significantly increased over the past decades. Although the vast majority of these immigrants are young and healthy people, a minority can be affected by chronic conditions...

Frequency of enteroparasites in Cebidae and Callitrichidae primates at the Zoológico de Cali, Colombia: zoonotic implications.

Introduction: Enteroparasites can cause problems in animals kept under human care in zoos and shelters. Wild animals have low parasitic loads but when sheltered in closed places they can be higher and lead to clinical manifestations, which increases the cost of medical treatments...

The nexus between improved water supply and water-borne diseases in urban areas in Africa: a scoping review.

The sub-Saharan Africa has the fastest rate of urbanisation in the world. However, infrastructure growth in the region is slower than urbanisation rates, leading to inadequate provision and access to basic services such as piped safe drinking water. Lack of sufficient access to s...

Single-strand conformation polymorphism-based genetic characterization of the strains collected from different provinces in Turkey.

, a coccidian protozoan species, has been recently found to cause diarrhea in all age groups in immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals in most regions of the world. This study aimed to conduct the molecular detection of and to determine the genetic diversity of the 18...

Real-time gastrointestinal infection surveillance through a cloud-based network of clinical laboratories.

Acute gastrointestinal infection (AGI) represents a significant public health concern. To control and treat AGI, it is critical to quickly and accurately identify its causes. The use of novel multiplex molecular assays for pathogen detection and identification provides a unique o...

Coinfection of HIV-1 with spp. and with Intestinal Parasites in Patients Attending Boane Health Center, Maputo Province, Mozambique.

It is hypothesized that schistosomiasis and intestinal parasites increase susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and enhance AIDS progression by immunomodulation. This study aims to compare the prevalence and risk factors for schistosomiasis and intestinal parasites in HIV-1 infected...

Detection of , , spp. and microsporidia in fresh produce using molecular methods: - A review.

The current trend for a healthy lifestyle corresponds with a healthy diet, which is associated with regular and frequent consumption of raw fruit and vegetables. However, consumption of ready-to-eat (RTE) food without heat treatment or sufficient washing may pose a risk to consum...

Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis on bagged pre-cut salad mixes within their shelf-life and after sell by date by the U.S. food and drug administration validated method.

Recently, outbreaks of Cyclospora cayetanensis in the U.S. were linked to the consumption of a variety of salads containing romaine and/or iceberg lettuce, carrots and/or red cabbage. The Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) Chapter 19b method was validated for the detection o...

Comparison of five commercial real-time PCRs for in-vitro diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., Cyclospora cayetanensis, and Dientamoeba fragilis in human stool samples.

The structure of a major surface antigen SAG19 from Eimeria tenella unifies the Eimeria SAG family.

In infections by apicomplexan parasites including Plasmodium, Toxoplasma gondii, and Eimeria, host interactions are mediated by proteins including families of membrane-anchored cysteine-rich surface antigens (SAGs) and SAG-related sequences (SRS). Eimeria tenella causes caecal co...

Contamination of fresh produce sold on the Italian market with Cyclospora cayetanensis and Echinococcus multilocularis.

To investigate the presence of Cyclospora cayetanensis, Toxoplasma gondii and Echinococcus spp. in fresh produce sold in Italy, 324 locally produced 'ready-to-eat' (RTE) mixed-salad packages belonging to three brands and 324 berries packages (blueberries and blackberries imported...

Seasonal Differences in Prevalence in Colombian Indigenous People.

Fecal-orally transmitted cyclosporiasis is frequent in remote resource-limited settings in Central and South America with poor hygiene conditions. In this study, we aimed at assessing seasonal effects on the epidemiology of colonization or infection with in Colombian indigenous...

Removal of Parasite Transmission Stages from Berries Using Washing Procedures Suitable for Consumers.

Due to the delicate nature of berries and the reduced shelf-life once washed, producers usually do not wash berries. Therefore, consumers are expected to wash the berries prior to consumption, and this might be a more effective way of infection prevention. However, the efficacy o...

A scoping review of the detection, epidemiology and control of with an emphasis on produce, water and soil.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is a parasite causing cyclosporiasis (an illness in humans). Produce (fruits, vegetables, herbs), water and soil contaminated with C. cayetanensis have been implicated in human infection. The objective was to conduct a scoping review of primary research in...

Detection of in produce irrigation and wash water using large-volume sampling techniques.

The recent increase of reported cyclosporiasis outbreaks associated with fresh produce has highlighted the need for understanding environmental transmission of in agricultural settings and facilities. Conducting such environmental investigations necessitates robust sample collec...

Molecular characterization of the waterborne pathogens Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Cyclospora cayetanensis and Eimeria spp. in wastewater and sewage in Guangzhou, China.

The waterborne pathogens Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Cyclospora cayetanensis can cause intestinal diseases in humans. An understanding of their occurrence and transport in the environment is essential for accurate quantitative microbial r...

Ready-to-use qPCR for detection of or in food matrices.

Foodborne outbreaks caused by parasites have long been a public health issue. Among the available contamination detection methods, qPCR is one of the most sensitive and specific. However, it can be cumbersome and error-prone, if used by unexperienced users. Moreover, qPCR reagent...

Attribution of Illnesses Transmitted by Food and Water to Comprehensive Transmission Pathways Using Structured Expert Judgment, United States.

Illnesses transmitted by food and water cause a major disease burden in the United States despite advancements in food safety, water treatment, and sanitation. We report estimates from a structured expert judgment study using 48 experts who applied Cooke's classical model of the...

Modifications of the U.S. food and drug administration validated method for detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts in prepared dishes: Mexican-style salsas and guacamole.

Although multiple outbreak clusters of Cyclospora cayetanensis have been traced back to consumption of dishes in Mexican-style restaurants, the FDA Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) does not currently provide methods to detect C. cayetanensis in dishes that contain multiple...

The nexus between improved water supply and water-borne diseases in urban areas in Africa: a scoping review protocol.

: Currently, an estimated two thirds of the world population is water insufficient. As of 2015, one out of every five people in developing countries do not have access to clean sufficient drinking water. In an attempt to share the limited resource, water has been distributed at i...

Cyclospora Cayetanensis-Major Outbreaks from Ready to Eat Fresh Fruits and Vegetables.

is a coccidian protozoan that causes cyclosporiasis, a severe gastroenteric disease, especially for immunocompromised patients, children, and the elderly. The parasite is considered as an emerging organism and a major contributor of gastroenteritis worldwide. Although the global...

Diagnosis of intestinal protozoan infections in patients in Cuba by microscopy and molecular methods: advantages and disadvantages.

Microscopy is the gold standard for diagnosis of intestinal parasitic diseases in many countries, including Cuba, although molecular approaches often have higher sensitivity as well as other advantages. Fecal samples from 133 patients were analyzed by light microscopy and also re...

Dead-End Ultrafiltration and DNA-Based Methods for Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in Agricultural Water.

is a protozoan parasite that causes foodborne and waterborne diarrheal illness outbreaks worldwide. Most of these outbreaks are associated with the consumption of fresh produce. Sensitive and specific methods to detect in agricultural water are needed to identify the parasite in...

Mapping of aetiologies of gastroenteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of pathogens identified using a multiplex screening array.

Emergence of molecular methods to screen stools could provide a more complete picture of pathogens causing gastroenteritis, allowing to adequately treat patients whenever required but, so far, no aggregate data have been released. Our objective was to report pathogens identified...

Asymptomatic Intestinal Parasitic Infestations among Children Under Five Years in Selected Communities in the Ho Municipality, Ghana.

The study investigated intestinal parasitic infestations (IPIs) and possible risk factors associated with asymptomatic children under five (5) years in five (5) selected communities in the Ho Municipality. The study design was cross- sectional, with a simple random sampling techn...

Assessment of Commercial DNA Cleanup Kits for Elimination of Real-Time PCR Inhibitors in the Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in Cilantro.

Inhibited reactions have occasionally been observed when cilantro samples were processed for the detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Partial or total inhibition of PCR reactions, including qPCR, can occur, leading to decreased sensitivity...

Acute kidney injury associated with intestinal infection by Cyclospora cayetanensis in a kidney transplant patient. A case report.

This study shows a clinical case report of a kidney transplant patient who traveled from Mexico to The Netherlands and ate green vegetables in an international food restaurant. After 5 days, he started having diarrhea, nausea, colic, and a physical feeling of malaise. The patient...

Outbreak of Cyclosporiasis in Korean Travelers Returning from Nepal.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is an apicomplexan protozoan and is one of the most common pathogens causing chronic diarrhea worldwide. Eight stool samples with diarrheal symptom out of 18 Korean residents who traveled to Nepal were obtained, and examined for 25 enteropathogens includin...

Identification of a Cyclospora cayetanensis Oocyst Antigens and Their Validity in the Detection of Immunogenic Patterns of Cyclosporiasis Patients.

The diagnosis of cyclosporiasis is currently based on the microscopic detection of oocysts, which may provide invalid results. The availability of simple, objective immunological screening tests would facilitate epidemiological studies of cyclosporiasis. Therefore, the present st...

Enteric pathogens in German police officers after predominantly tropical deployments - A retrospective assessment over 5 years.

The study was performed to assess the infection risk of German police officers on predominantly tropical deployments, mostly United Nations missions, with gastrointestinal pathogens. Police officers were offered PCR-based screening for gastrointestinal pathogens before and after...

Multiplex Quantitative PCR Analysis of Strawberries from Bogotá, Colombia, for Contamination with Three Parasites.

Berries are potential vehicles for the transmission of parasites and have been implicated in illness outbreaks in various countries around the world, particularly in the United States. Although data on contamination of fresh produce with foodborne parasites have been obtained fro...

Uncommon Cause of Emesis and Diarrhea in a Nonverbal Elderly Patient.

Food and waterborne protozoan parasites: The African perspective.

Parasitic food-borne diseases, particularly those caused by the protozoan parasites , , and are increasingly becoming common and have received considerable attention in the last two decades. The ability of the transmission stages of the parasites to survive in the environment f...

Determining the long-term health burden and risk of sequelae for 14 foodborne infections in British Columbia, Canada: protocol for a retrospective population-based cohort study.

Over one in eight Canadians is affected by a foodborne infection annually; however, the long-term consequences, including the risks and costs of sequelae, are unclear. We aim to estimate the health burden and direct costs of 14 infections commonly transmitted by food, considering...

High Prevalence of Intestinal Pathogens in Indigenous in Colombia.

Intestinal infections remain a major public health burden in developing countries. Due to social, ecological, environmental, and cultural conditions, Indigenous peoples in Colombia are at particularly high risk. 137 stool samples were analyzed by microscopy and real-time-Polymera...

Enteric parasitic infection disturbs bacterial structure in Mexican children with autoantibodies for type 1 diabetes and/or celiac disease.

Intestinal bacterial dysbiosis and increased gut permeability are associated with higher risk of developing type 1 diabetes (T1D) or celiac disease (CD). There is a lack of information on parasitism involved in gut disturbance of predisposed children. We evaluated the effect of e...

Evaluation of an ensemble-based distance statistic for clustering MLST datasets using epidemiologically defined clusters of cyclosporiasis.

Outbreaks of cyclosporiasis, a food-borne illness caused by the coccidian parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis have increased in the USA in recent years, with approximately 2300 laboratory-confirmed cases reported in 2018. Genotyping tools are needed to inform epidemiological investi...

Detection of human intestinal protozoan parasites in vegetables and fruits: a review.

Diarrheal diseases caused by intestinal protozoan parasites are a major food-borne public health problem across the world. Vegetables and fruits provide important nutrients and minerals, but are also common sources of some food-borne human pathogenic microorganisms. The contamina...

Protozoan infections are under-recognized in Swedish patients with gastrointestinal symptoms.

In acute gastroenteritis (GE), identification of the infectious agent is important for patient management and surveillance. The prevalence of GE caused by protozoa may be underestimated in Swedish patients. The purpose was to compare the prevalence of E. histolytica, Cryptosporid...

Profile of intestinal parasitic infections in human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients in Northeast India.

Diarrhea is one of the major complications occurring in over 90% of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals in developing countries. Coccidian group of parasitic infections remain the standout opportunistic pathogens in many parts of the world. The objective was t...

Comparison of commercial and in-house real-time PCR platforms for 15 parasites and microsporidia in human stool samples without a gold standard.

A test comparison of in-house and commercial real-time PCR (qPCR) kits for the detection of human parasites and microsporidia in stool samples was conducted without a gold standard. Three different commercial kits were included in the comparison, with a range of 3-15 different PC...

Evaluation of the Allplex Gastrointestinal Panel-Parasite Assay for Protozoa Detection in Stool Samples: A Retrospective and Prospective Study.

This study aims at evaluating the performances of the multiplex PCR Allplex Gastrointestinal Panel-Parasite Assay (GIPPA), which detects , spp., , , , and , by comparison to microscopy. A retrospective evaluation was conducted on a series of positive clinical samples ( = 99) sto...

Development of a workflow for identification of nuclear genotyping markers for Cyclospora cayetanensis.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is an intestinal parasite responsible for the diarrheal illness, cyclosporiasis. Molecular genotyping, using targeted amplicon sequencing, provides a complementary tool for outbreak investigations, especially when epidemiological data are insufficient for...

Endogenous Developmental Cycle of the Human Coccidian Cyclospora cayetanensis.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian parasite of humans of known and growing importance. However, we are surprisingly naïve as to our understanding of how to diagnose it and how it develops inside the human body. Here we provide details of the developmental stages of C. cayetan...

The Influence of HIV Status on the Burden and Clinical Manifestations of Gastrointestinal Pathogens in Yangon, Myanmar.

The impact of HIV infection on the burden of gastrointestinal pathogens in Myanmar is poorly defined. Stools of 103 HIV-infected and 105 HIV-uninfected adult outpatients at a tertiary referral hospital in Yangon were examined microscopically. Stool antigen tests for infection we...

Sporadic cyclosporiasis in symptomatic Cuban patients: Confirmation of positive results from conventional diagnostic methods by molecular assay.

In Cuba, there are few studies on cyclosporiasis. Here, we report results from 1247 stool samples from symptomatic patients that were examined by microscopy methods and positive cases confirmed by nested PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene, followed by sequencing. Seven positive samp...

Molecular typing of Cyclospora cayetanensis in produce and clinical samples using targeted enrichment of complete mitochondrial genomes and next-generation sequencing.

Outbreaks of cyclosporiasis, a diarrheal illness caused by Cyclospora cayetanensis, have been a public health issue in the USA since the mid 1990's. In 2018, 2299 domestically acquired cases of cyclosporiasis were reported in the USA as a result of multiple large outbreaks linked...

A Molecular Tool for Rapid Detection and Traceability of in Fresh Berries and Berry Farm Soils.

Due to recent outbreaks of cyclosporiasis associated with consumption of fresh berries, producers are demanding modern microbiological tools for the rapid and accurate identification of the human pathogen in berries and environmental samples. The aim of the present work was to d...

Advances in Cyclosporiasis Diagnosis and Therapeutic Intervention.

Cyclosporiasis is caused by the coccidian parasite and is associated with large and complex food-borne outbreaks worldwide. Associated symptoms include severe watery diarrhea, particularly in infants, and immune dysfunction. With the globalization of human food supply, the occur...

Prevalence of Parasitic Contamination of Cockroaches Collected from Fresh Markets in Chachoengsao Province, Thailand.

Cockroaches are the greatest potential mechanical vector of various pathogenic microorganisms. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and species type of human pathogenic parasite infestations on the external body surface of the cockroaches. A total of 450 cockroaches colle...

Cyclosporiasis Epidemiologically Linked to Consumption of Green Onions: Houston Metropolitan Area, August 2017.

During July 2017, Texas public health officials noted an increase in the number of reported cyclosporiasis cases. They detected a cluster in the Houston metropolitan area that involved four locations of a Mediterranean restaurant chain, restaurant A. A case-control study was cond...

Performance and Impact of the BioFire FilmArray Gastrointestinal Panel on a Large Outbreak in Wisconsin, 2018.

Comparative evaluation of UNEX-based DNA extraction for molecular detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis, Toxoplasma gondii, and Cryptosporidium parvum as contaminants of berries.

The potential public health impact of foodborne parasites (FBP) transmitted via contaminated fresh produces indicates the necessity for robust and reliable laboratory methods for their detection and identification on this infection vehicle. Standardization of methods for detectio...

[Abundance Dynamic of Oocysts in the Groundwater of Mbankomo, a Sub-urban Area Yaounde: Physico-chemical Factors and Health Risk].

To determine the dynamics of dissemination of the different forms of enteric sporozoa in the groundwater of Mbankomo, a study was carried out from August 2018 to July 2019. The physico-chemical analyzes were carried out both in the field and in the hydrobiology and environment la...

Two cases of bacteraemia in solid organ transplant recipients.

Nocardiosis is an opportunistic infection occurring in immunosuppressed patients. While disseminated nocardiosis is common in immunosuppressed patients, Nocardia bacteraemia is rare. There are few reports of Nocardia bacteraemia following solid organ transplantation. We report tw...

Intestinal Protozoan Parasitic Infections in Immunocompromised Child Patients with Diarrhea.

Intestinal protozoan parasites are common causes of infectious diarrhea in children receiving anticancer therapy or undergoing transplantation. Additionally, immunosuppression therapy in such patients may exacerbate the symptoms related to these parasitic infections. The aim of t...

Evaluation of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration validated molecular method for detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts on fresh and frozen berries.

Outbreaks and sporadic cases of Cyclospora cayetanensis have been linked to consumption of berries. The efficacy of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) method for detection of C. cayetanensis was evaluated in fresh berries (blackberries, strawberries, blueberries and mixe...

How globalization and climate change could affect foodborne parasites.

Foodborne parasites, most of which are zoonotic, represent an important human health hazard. These pathogens which include both protozoa (e.g., Cryptosporidium spp., Cyclospora cayetanensis, Toxoplasma gondii) and helminths (e.g., liver and intestinal flukes, Fasciola spp., Parag...

infection in humans: biological characteristics, clinical features, epidemiology, detection method and treatment.

Cyclospora cayetanensis, a coccidian parasite that causes protracted and relapsing gastroenteritis, has a short recorded history. At least 54 countries have documented C. cayetanensis infections and 13 of them have recorded cyclosporiasis outbreaks. Cyclospora cayetanensis infect...

Silver nanoparticles as a therapeutic agent in experimental cyclosporiasis.

Cyclosporiasis is an emerging worldwide infection caused by an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, Cyclospora cayetanensis. In immunocompetent patients, it is mainly manifested by self-limited diarrhea, which is persistent and may be fatal in immunocompromised patients. Th...

Chronic Gastrointestinal and Joint-Related Sequelae Associated with Common Foodborne Illnesses: A Scoping Review.

To strengthen the burden estimates for chronic sequelae of foodborne illness, we conducted a scoping review of the current literature for common foodborne pathogens and their associated sequelae. We aim to describe the current literature and gaps in knowledge of chronic sequelae...

Updates to the Canadian Notifiable Disease Surveillance System and its interactive website.

The Canadian Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (CNDSS) provides data on diseases that have been identified as priorities for public health monitoring and control. Several advances that have been made on Notifiable Diseases Online, the CNDSS interactive website, are consisten...

Use of a case-control study and control bank to investigate an outbreak of locally acquired cyclosporiasis in Canada, 2016.

is an intestinal parasite that is not endemic in Canada. However, national outbreaks of locally acquired cases have been reported since 2013. These outbreaks were suspected to be associated with consumption of produce imported from countries where is endemic. Identification of t...

and Cyclosporiasis: An Update.

is a coccidian parasite of humans, with a direct fecal-oral transmission cycle. It is globally distributed and an important cause of foodborne outbreaks of enteric disease in many developed countries, mostly associated with the consumption of contaminated fresh produce. Because o...

Human intestinal protozoa in fresh asparagus from different types of markets in northwest Mexico.

Caborca is one of the most productive asparagus-growing regions in the state of Sonora in northwest Mexico, an area where some fresh fruits and vegetables are sold at unregulated open-air street markets. This is a cross-sectional study in which fifty bundles of asparagus for expo...

A New Protocol for Molecular Detection of as Contaminants of Berry Fruits.

is a coccidian parasite that is associated with foodborne outbreaks of gastrointestinal illnesses. Raspberries have been implicated as a vehicle of infection in some of these outbreaks. Most of the molecular techniques used for the detection of parasites commonly use the 18s rRNA...

A novel multiplex real-time PCR for the detection of Echinococcus multilocularis, Toxoplasma gondii, and Cyclospora cayetanensis on berries.

Foodborne parasites (FBP) are of major public health importance and warrant appropriate detection and control strategies. Most of the FBP considered for risk-ranking by a panel of experts are potentially transmitted via consumption of contaminated fresh produce, including berries...

Identification of human pathogenic Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Cyclospora cayetanensis, and Cryptosporidium parvum on the surfaces of vegetables and fruits in Henan, China.

Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Cyclospora cayetanensis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are known etiological agents of self-limiting diarrhea, chronic disorders, and severe debilitating illnesses in humans, particularly children and patients with immunodeficiency diseases...

A survey of gastrointestinal parasites of goats in a goat market in Kathmandu, Nepal.

Gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in goats are predominant around the world. They may be the underlying cause of the pathological and immunological consequences leading to significant economic losses of the goat industry. The main aim of the current research was to reveal the preva...

Multicenter evaluation of the new QIAstat Gastrointestinal Panel for the rapid syndromic testing of acute gastroenteritis.

In acute gastroenteritis (AGE), identification of the infectious agent is important for patient management. Since symptoms do not reliably identify the agent, microbiological diagnostics are important. Conventional methods lack sensitivity and often take days. Multiplex PCR panel...

Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infections and Immunological Status of HIV/AIDS Coinfected Individuals in Nigeria.

Parasitic infections of the gastrointestinal tract is one of the highest causes of morbidity and mortality among HIV infected individuals. This is due to the colonization of the intestinal tract by parasites influenced by induced enteropathy caused by HIV infection. CD+4 t-lympho...

Mitochondrial Junction Region as Genotyping Marker for Cyclospora cayetanensis.

Cyclosporiasis is an infection caused by Cyclospora cayetanensis, which is acquired by consumption of contaminated fresh food or water. In the United States, cases of cyclosporiasis are often associated with foodborne outbreaks linked to imported fresh produce or travel to diseas...

Simultaneous detection of four protozoan parasites on leafy greens using a novel multiplex PCR assay.

Pathogen contamination of fresh produce presents a health risk for consumers; however, the produce industry still lacks adequate tools for simultaneous detection of protozoan parasites. Here, a simple multiplex PCR (mPCR) assay was developed for detection of protozoan (oo)cysts a...

Intestinal parasites including Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Giardia, and Microsporidia, Entamoeba histolytica, Strongyloides, Schistosomiasis, and Echinococcus: Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice.

These updated guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Community of Practice of the American Society of Transplantation review the diagnosis, prevention, and management of intestinal parasites in the pre- and post-transplant period. Intestinal parasites are prevalent in the develo...

Genotyping genetically heterogeneous infections to complement epidemiological case linkage.

Sexually reproducing pathogens such as Cyclospora cayetanensis often produce genetically heterogeneous infections where the number of unique sequence types detected at any given locus varies depending on which locus is sequenced. The genotypes assigned to these infections quickly...

Outbreak of cyclosporiasis in a U.S. Air Force training population, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland, TX, 2018.

Diarrheal illnesses have an enormous impact on military operations in the deployed and training environments. While bacteria and viruses are the usual causes of gastrointestinal disease outbreaks, 2 Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland, TX, training populations experienced an outbreak...

Opportunistic intestinal parasites in immunocompromised patients from a tertiary hospital in Monterrey, Mexico.

Opportunistic parasites are still important agents causing morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients, particularly those living with HIV/AIDS. Few studies in Mexico have attempted to determine the prevalence of opportunistic intestinal parasites causing diarrhea in im...

Preliminary Incidence and Trends of Infections with Pathogens Transmitted Commonly Through Food - Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 10 U.S. Sites, 2015-2018.

Foodborne diseases represent a major health problem in the United States. The Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) of CDC's Emerging Infections Program monitors cases of laboratory-diagnosed infection caused by eight pathogens transmitted commonly through food...

Cyclosporiasis Surveillance - United States, 2011-2015.

Cyclosporiasis is an intestinal illness caused by the parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis, which is transmissible by ingestion of fecally contaminated food or water. Cyclosporiasis is most common in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In the United States, foodborne outbr...

Enteric Opportunistic Infection and the Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy among HIV/AIDS Patients from Tehran, Iran.

Opportunistic parasites have been identified as human pathogens, especially in immunodeficient patients. Microsporidian and coccidian infections cause chronic diarrhea as common clinical manifestation in HIV positive patients. In this study, the frequency of opportunistic infecti...

Reproducibility of positive results for rare pathogens on the FilmArray GI Panel.

Though the FilmArray GI Panel has a reported aggregate specificity and reproducibility of >97% and > 99%, respectively, the reproducibility is less understood in clinical practice. We measured the reproducibility of positive results for low-prevalence pathogens. Samples with posi...

Prevalence and associated risk factors of and infection among Iranian patients with colorectal cancer.

From among intestinal parasites, coccidian intestinal parasites such as (previously known as ), and are well-known as opportunist parasites, particularly in patients with cancer. This study assessed the prevalence of and in patients with cancer in Lorestan Province, Southwest...

Human cyclosporiasis.

Cyclospora species are socioeconomically important protistan pathogens. Cyclospora cayetanensis is usually transmitted via food or water to a human host via the faecal-oral route and can cause the gastrointestinal disease cyclosporiasis, which can be complicated by extra-intestin...

Enteroparasitism and Risk Factors Associated with Clinical Manifestations in Children and Adults of Jalisco State in Western Mexico.

To determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with intestinal parasites in the population of San Juan Cosala, Jalisco, Mexico. A total of 277 samples from 104 participants were analysed using direct smear, flotation, formaldehyde/ethyl acetate, and modified Kinyoun's ac...

Evaluation of Multilocus Sequence Typing of Cyclospora cayetanensis based on microsatellite markers.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is a human parasite transmitted via ingestion of contaminated food or water. Cases of C. cayetanensis infection acquired in the United States often go unexplained, partly because of the difficulties associated with epidemiologic investigations of such case...

Mitochondrial genome sequence variation as a useful marker for assessing genetic heterogeneity among Cyclospora cayetanensis isolates and source-tracking.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is an important enteric pathogen, causing diarrhea and food-borne cyclosporiasis outbreaks. For effective outbreak identification and investigation, it is essential to rapidly assess the genetic heterogeneity of C. cayetanensis specimens from cluster cases...

[Dynamic Abundance of Oocysts in the Mezam Watershed in Bamenda (Northwest Region, Cameroon)].

In order to evaluate the abundance of oocysts in the Mezam watershed in Bamenda, Northwest Region of Cameroon, a study was carried out from January to June 2017. Samples were collected monthly from 13 stations within the watershed. The direct concentration method and the Ziehl-Ne...

Causes of Mortality and Lesions Observed Post mortem in European Moles (Talpa europaea) in Cornwall, South-west England.

European moles (Talpa europaea) are a common species in the UK, but there are few published data on the causes of mortality in these animals. An opportunistic post-mortem study was carried out on 44 moles found dead or dying in Cornwall, UK. Assessment of muscle condition and fat...

Development of Molecular Diagnosis Using Multiplex Real-Time PCR and T4 Phage Internal Control to Simultaneously Detect Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, and Cyclospora cayetanensis from Human Stool Samples.

This study aimed to develop a new multiplex real-time PCR detection method for 3 species of waterborne protozoan parasites (Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, and Cyclospora cayetanensis) identified as major causes of traveler's diarrhea. Three target genes were specificall...

Molecular detection and genotyping of pathogenic protozoan parasites in raw and treated water samples from southwest Colombia.

Protozoan parasites such as Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., Cyclospora cayetanensis, Toxoplasma gondii and Entamoeba histolytica represent a great challenge to the systems producing water for human consumption because their cystic forms are persistent in the environment...

Morphological and molecular identification of species in sheep and goat at Tamil Nadu, India.

A total of 281 fresh fecal samples (65 sheeps and 216 goats) were examined for the presence of species in Tamil Nadu from October 2017 to April 2018. All the faecal samples were examined by direct smear method, saturated sucrose floatation technique and modified Ziehl-Neelsen st...

Purification of oocysts obtained from human stool specimens for whole genome sequencing.

is a food-borne intestinal human parasite that causes outbreaks of diarrhea. There is a need for efficient laboratory methods for strain-level characterization to assist in outbreak investigations. By using next generation sequencing, genomic sequences can be obtained and compare...

Notes from the Field: Multiple Cyclosporiasis Outbreaks - United States, 2018.

Socio-Behavioral Risk Factors Associated with Cryptosporidiosis in HIV/AIDS Patients Visiting the HIV Referral Clinic at Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Ghana.

To identify the socio-behavioral risk factors associated with cryptosporidiosis among HIV/AIDS patients with chronic diarrhea symptoms visiting the HIV referral clinic at Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Ghana. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 50 HIV/AIDS patients with re...

Intestinal Protozoa in Hiv-Infected Patients: A Retrospective Analysis.

Intestinal parasitic infections are common in immunodeficient patients. In developing countries, the incidence of diarrhea due to parasitic infections in HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)-positive individuals is reported to be over 90%. The present study aimed to investigate the...

Identification of Cystoisospora ohioensis in a Diarrheal Dog in Korea.

A 3-month-old female Maltese puppy was hospitalized with persistent diarrhea in a local veterinary clinic. Blood chemistry and hematology profile were analyzed and fecal smear was examined. Diarrheal stools were examined in a diagnostic laboratory, using multiplex real-time polym...

Two new species of Eimeria (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) in Philippine tarsier (Tarsius syrichta).

Philippine tarsier (Tarsius syrichta) is a small nocturnal primate from the Philippines. Little is known about tarsier parasites, including coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae), a highly prevalent parasitic protist group in all vertebrate classes. Only 7 valid species of the genus...

Evaluation of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration validated method for detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in high-risk fresh produce matrices and a method modification for a prepared dish.

The performance of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) validated method for regulatory detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in leafy greens and berries was evaluated in additional high-risk fresh produce items and in a dish prepared with these produce commodities. The met...

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium, Blastocystis, and other opportunistic infections in patients with primary and acquired immunodeficiency.

Intestinal opportunistic infections are often caused by unicellular parasites. Individuals with decreased immunity are particularly susceptible to infection by said microorganisms, and when they are infected, diarrhea can be the main clinical manifestation. However, intestinal pa...

Antiprotozoal activity of magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles against Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts.

Outbreaks of Cyclospora cayetanensis infection have been linked to consumption of food and water contaminated by oocysts that can survive both physical and chemical disinfectants. Magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles (NPs) can be potentially used in food as bactericides. In this s...

Reduction of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Fecal Indicators by Bardenpho Wastewater Treatment.

Increased demand for water reuse and reclamation accentuates the importance for optimal wastewater treatment to limit protozoa in effluents. Two wastewater treatment plants utilizing advanced Bardenpho were investigated over a 12-month period to determine the incidence and reduct...

Distribution of Intestinal Parasites in Patients Hospitalized in Child Intensive Care Unit.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the distribution of intestinal parasites in patients hospitalized in a child intensive care unit. The study was conducted on 150 patients between the ages of 2 months and 17 years between April 2016 and December 2016. Stool samp...

Notes from the Field: Cyclosporiasis Cases Associated with Dining at a Mediterranean-Style Restaurant Chain - Texas, 2017.

Parasite contamination of berries: Risk, occurrence, and approaches for mitigation.

Fresh fruits and vegetables, including berries, are essential components of a healthy diet and are relevant in the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases such as cancer and heart disease. Associations between diet and health are becoming an increasing focus of consumers,...

A hybrid reference-guided de novo assembly approach for generating mitochondrion genomes.

is a coccidian parasite associated with large and complex foodborne outbreaks worldwide. Linking samples from cyclosporiasis patients during foodborne outbreaks with suspected contaminated food sources, using conventional epidemiological methods, has been a persistent challenge....

Evaluation of two DNA extraction methods for the PCR-based detection of eukaryotic enteric pathogens in fecal samples.

Efficient and easy-to-use DNA extraction and purification methods are critical in implementing PCR-based diagnosis of pathogens. In order to optimize the routine clinical laboratory diagnosis of eukaryotic enteric pathogens, we compare, via quantitative PCR cycle threshold (Ct) v...

UV-C inactivation of foodborne bacterial and viral pathogens and surrogates on fresh and frozen berries.

Outbreaks of foodborne illness associated with berries often involve contamination with hepatitis A virus (HAV) and norovirus but also bacteria such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 and parasites such as Cyclospora caytanensis. We evaluated the applicability of UV-C to the inactivatio...

Preliminary Incidence and Trends of Infections with Pathogens Transmitted Commonly Through Food - Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 10 U.S. Sites, 2006-2017.

Despite ongoing food safety measures in the United States, foodborne illness continues to be a substantial health burden. The 10 U.S. sites of the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet)* monitor cases of laboratory-diagnosed infections caused by nine pathogens t...

Prevalence of Opportunistic Intestinal Parasites and Associated Factors among HIV Patients while Receiving ART at Arba Minch Hospital in Southern Ethiopia: A Cross-sectional Study.

Opportunistic Intestinal Parasites (OIPs) commonly cause morbidity in HIV/AIDS patients due to the decline of CD4T-cells. The burden of Opportunistic Intestinal Parasitic Infections (OIPIs) in Ethiopia is expected to be high due to poor sanitation and co-pandemicity of HIV/AIDs....

Three new coccidians (Cyclospora, Eimeria) from eastern moles, Scalopus aquaticus (Linnaeus) (Mammalia: Soricomorpha: Talpidae) from Arkansas, USA.

Three new species of coccidians (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) are described from eastern moles, Scalopus aquaticus (Linnaeus) from Arkansas. Oöcysts of Cyclospora duszynskii n. sp. are subspheroidal with a smooth bi-layered wall, measure 11.4 × 10.0 µm, and have a length/width (L/W)...

Cyclospora cayetanensis infections among diarrheal outpatients in Shanghai: a retrospective case study.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is a foodborne and waterborne pathogen that causes endemic and epidemic human diarrhea worldwide. A few epidemiological studies regarding C. cayetanensis infections in China have been conducted. During 2013, a total of 291 stool specimens were collected fr...

Population genetic characterization of Cyclospora cayetanensis from discrete geographical regions.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is an emerging pathogen that is endemic in developing countries and responsible for many large foodborne cyclosporiasis outbreaks in North America since 1990s. Because of the lack of typing targets, the genetic diversity and population genetics of C. cayet...

Molecular detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in human stool specimens using UNEX-based DNA extraction and real-time PCR.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian parasite associated with diarrheal illness. In the USA, foodborne outbreaks of cyclosporiasis have been documented almost every year since the mid-1990s. The typical approach used to identify this parasite in human stools is an examination o...

Detection of and Oocysts from Environmental Water for Drinking and Recreational Activities in Sarawak, Malaysia.

Cryptosporidiosis and cyclosporiasis are caused by waterborne coccidian protozoan parasites of the genera and respectively. This study was conducted to detect and oocysts from environmental water abstracted by drinking water treatment plants and recreational activities in Sar...

Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Environmental Water Contamination in a Rural Village of Northern Lao PDR.

A field survey studying intestinal parasites in humans and microbial pathogen contamination at environment was performed in a Laotian rural village to identify potential risks for disease outbreaks. A parasitological investigation was conducted in Ban Lak Sip village, Luang Praba...

Pathogenic characteristics of a novel intranuclear coccidia in Japanese black calves and its genetic identification as Eimeria subspherica.

Bovine intranuclear coccidiosis is caused by the protozoans Eimeria alabamensis and Cyclospora spp. Here, we characterized the disease and genetically identified the causative species in Japanese black calves with chronic and refractory watery diarrhea. Histologic examinations re...

2015 Outbreak of Cyclosporiasis Linked to the Consumption of Imported Sugar Snap Peas in Ontario, Canada.

An outbreak of cyclosporiasis in Ontario, Canada, was investigated in the fall of 2015. Thirty-five confirmed and 10 probable cases were linked to the investigation. Epidemiological and food safety evidence implicated fresh sugar snap peas imported from Guatemala as the source of...

Intestinal coccidian parasites as an underestimated cause of travellers' diarrhoea in Polish immunocompetent patients.

Intestinal coccidian parasites are intracellular protozoa most frequently transmitted during food-borne and water-borne infections. This group of parasites is responsible for acute diarrhoeal illnesses especially among immunocompromised patients. However, they are more frequently...

The Prevalence of Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cryptosporidium spp. in Turkish patients infected with HIV-1.

Opportunistic infections such as cryptosporidiosis and cyclosporiasis are commonly encountered in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). We investigated the existence of opportunistic protozoans that significantly affect the quality of life in HIV-1 infected pat...

Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cyclospora cayetanensis infections among people living in a slum area in Kathmandu valley, Nepal.

The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cryptosporidium parvum infections among people living a slum in Kathmandu valley, Nepal. Ten different parasites were detected in the stool samples; the prevalence of any parasite was in 27.1% (71...

Interlaboratory validation of an improved method for detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in produce using a real-time PCR assay.

A collaborative validation study was performed to evaluate the performance of a new U.S. Food and Drug Administration method developed for detection of the protozoan parasite, Cyclospora cayetanensis, on cilantro and raspberries. The method includes a sample preparation step in w...

Cyclosporiasis in travellers returning to the United Kingdom from Mexico in summer 2017: lessons from the recent past to inform the future.

During the summers of 2015 and 2016, the United Kingdom experienced large outbreaks of cyclosporiasis in travellers returning from Mexico. As the source of the outbreaks was not identified, there is the potential for a similar outbreak to occur in 2017; indeed 78 cases had alread...

Spectrum of Parasitic Infections in Patients with Diarrhoea Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital in Western Rajasthan, India.

Owing to the poor socioeconomic conditions and lack of sanitary hygiene, a large number of population in developing countries remain under constant threat of different parasitic infections causing severe morbidity and mortality. Enough measures to prevent and reduce the disease b...

Molecular characterisation of protist parasites in human-habituated mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei), humans and livestock, from Bwindi impenetrable National Park, Uganda.

Over 60 % of human emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, and there is growing evidence of the zooanthroponotic transmission of diseases from humans to livestock and wildlife species, with major implications for public health, economics, and conservation. Zooanthroponoses are...

Chronic Diarrhea in a Traveler: Cyclosporiasis.

Multilocus sequence typing and clonal population genetic structure of Cyclospora cayetanensis in humans.

To investigate the prevalence of Cyclospora cayetanensis in a longitudinal study and to conduct a population genetic analysis, fecal specimens from 6579 patients were collected during the cyclosporiasis - prevalent seasons in two urban areas of central China in 2011-2015. The ove...

Evaluation of an Improved U.S. Food and Drug Administration Method for the Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in Produce Using Real-Time PCR.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is a protozoan parasite that causes human diarrheal disease associated with the consumption of fresh produce or water contaminated with C. cayetanensis oocysts. In the United States, foodborne outbreaks of cyclosporiasis have been linked to various types o...

Foodborne pathogens.

Foodborne pathogens are causing a great number of diseases with significant effects on human health and economy. The characteristics of the most common pathogenic bacteria (, , , , , , , spp., spp., , spp. and ), viruses (Hepatitis A and Noroviruses) and parasites (, and ), t...

Detection and prevalence of protozoan parasites in ready-to-eat packaged salads on sale in Italy.

To investigate the prevalence of protozoan contamination by Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., Toxoplasma gondii and Cyclospora cayetanensis, in 'ready to eat' (RTE) salads on sale in Italy, 648 packages were purchased from industrial and local brands. Nine individual pack...

New Technologies for Detection of Enteric Parasites.

Enteric parasites are major contributors to the global diarrhoeal disease load, infecting >67.2 million people. Their prevalence and clinical impact, however, are underestimated due to lack of adequate detection, which is largely still based on microscopy, particularly in develop...

Strongyloides Stercoralis Infection Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Infected Patients in the United States of America: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

BACKGROUND Strongyloides stercoralis infection is endemic in subtropical and tropical regions but is reported rather sporadically in temperate countries. In the USA, the highest rates of infection are from the southeastern states, predominantly among immigrants. There is paucity...

Simultaneous Molecular Detection of and from Raw Vegetables in Korea.

and are well-known coccidian protozoa that can cause waterborne and foodborne diarrheal illnesses. There have been a few reports regarding contamination in different vegetables with , but no data are available regarding the sources of infections in Korea. In the present study,...

An overview of parasitic infections of the gastro-intestinal tract in developed countries affecting immunocompromised individuals.

In both developed and developing countries, parasitic infections continue to be a frequent cause of mortality and morbidity. Due to the globalization of the world, doctors must be fully prepared to deal with a plethora of parasitic infections. More commonly the gastrointestinal (...

Presence of Parasites in Environmental Waters in Samsun and Its Districts.

The aim of this study was to detect the presence of parasites in environmental waters in Samsun and its districts. At the center of Samsun, 13 stations were determined. The research was performed between March 2012 and February 2013, and every month, water samples were collected...

First report of Tunisian coastal water contamination by protozoan parasites using mollusk bivalves as biological indicators.

In order to establish seawater contamination by emerging protozoan parasites, we used qPCR to molecularly characterize and evaluate the parasitic burden of Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and Cyclospora cayetanensis in 1255 wild bivalve mollusks colle...

An investigation of parasitic infections and review of molecular characterization of the intestinal protozoa in nonhuman primates in China from 2009 to 2015.

Parasites are a well-known threat to nonhuman primate (NHP) populations, and potentially cause zoonotic diseases in humans. In this study, the basic data was provided of the parasites in NHPs and the molecular characterization of the , , spp., and spp. were reviewed, which were...

[Cyclospora cayetanensis].

Coccidian intestinal parasites among immunocompetent children presenting with diarrhea: Are we missing them?

Diarrhoea is an important cause of both morbidity and mortality among children in India. Coccidian parasitic infections are an important cause of diarrhea in immunocompromised patients, but their investigations are rarely sought by the treating physicians in seemingly immunocompe...

Occurrence of enteric parasitic infections among HIV-infected individuals and its relation to CD4 T-cell counts with a special emphasis on coccidian parasites at a tertiary care centre in South India.

Diarrhoea is one of the major complications occurring in over 90% of HIV-infected individuals in developing countries. Coccidian group of parasites, being opportunistic pathogens, have been implicated as the most common causative agents of diarrhoea among HIV-infected population....

Comparative sequence analysis of Cyclospora cayetanensis apicoplast genomes originating from diverse geographical regions.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is an emerging coccidian parasite that causes endemic and epidemic diarrheal disease called cyclosporiasis, and this infection is associated with consumption of contaminated produce or water in developed and developing regions. Food-borne outbreaks of cycl...

Multiplex-Touchdown PCR to Simultaneously Detect , , and , the Major Causes of Traveler's Diarrhea.

This study aimed to develop a multiplex-touchdown PCR method to simultaneously detect 3 species of protozoan parasites, i.e., , , and , the major causes of traveler's diarrhea and are resistant to standard antimicrobial treatments. The target genes included the oocyst wall prote...

A Study of Parasitic and Bacterial Pathogens Associated with Diarrhea in HIV-Positive Patients.

Diarrhea is a common complication of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), occurring in almost 90% of AIDS patients in developing countries like India. The present study was aimed to determine the prevalence and microbiological profile of pathogens associated with diarrhea...

Cyclospora cayetanensis, Opportunistic Protozoan Parasite, in Van Province, Turkey: A Report of Seven Cases.

The aim of this study is to report seven Cyclospora cayetanensis (C.cayetanensis) cases determined in Yuzuncu Yil University Medical Faculty Parasitology Laboratory, Van province, Turkey. In the study native-Lugol, formalin-ethyl acetate and modified acid-fast staining methods we...

Evaluation of library preparation methods for Illumina next generation sequencing of small amounts of DNA from foodborne parasites.

Illumina library preparation methods for ultra-low input amounts were compared using genomic DNA from two foodborne parasites (Angiostrongylus cantonensis and Cyclospora cayetanensis) as examples. The Ovation Ultralow method resulted in libraries with the highest concentration an...

Molecular appraisal of intestinal parasitic infection in transplant recipients.

Diarrhoea is the main clinical manifestation caused by intestinal parasitic infections in patients, with special reference to transplant recipients who require careful consideration to reduce morbidity and mortality. Further, molecular characterization of some important parasites...

Parasites.

Parasites are an important cause of human disease worldwide. The clinical severity and outcome of parasitic disease is often dependent on the immune status of the host. Specific parasitic diseases discussed in this chapter are amebiasis, giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, cyclosporia...

Multilocus Sequence Typing Tool for Cyclospora cayetanensis.

Because the lack of typing tools for Cyclospora cayetanensis has hampered outbreak investigations, we sequenced its genome and developed a genotyping tool. We observed 2 to 10 geographically segregated sequence types at each of 5 selected loci. This new tool could be useful for c...

Prevalence of Enteric Protozoan Oocysts with Special Reference to Sarcocystis cruzi among Fecal Samples of Diarrheic Immunodeficient Patients in Iran.

The genus Sarcocystis is not usually considered as an important enteric pathogen in immune compromised patients. It might be expected that species for which humans are the final host (Sarcocystis hominis and Sarcocystis suihominis as well as possibly others) would be encountered...

Data-driven approach of CUSUM algorithm in temporal aberrant event detection using interactive web applications.

In 2014/2015, Public Health Ontario developed disease-specific, cumulative sum (CUSUM)-based statistical algorithms for detecting aberrant increases in reportable infectious disease incidence in Ontario. The objective of this study was to determine whether the prospective applica...

Replication and maintenance of the Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast genome.

Members of the phylum Apicomplexa are responsible for many devastating diseases including malaria (Plasmodium spp.), toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii), babesiosis (Babesia bovis), and cyclosporiasis (Cyclospora cayetanensis). Most Apicomplexans contain a unique and essential orga...

Neglected waterborne parasitic protozoa and their detection in water.

Outbreak incidents raise the question of whether the less frequent aetiological agents of outbreaks are really less frequent in water. Alternatively, waterborne transmission could be relevant, but the lack of attention and rapid, sensitive methods to recover and detect the exogen...

Elevated Values of Clinically Relevant Transferases Induced by Imported Infectious Diseases: A Controlled Cross-Sectional Study of 14,559 Diseased German Travelers Returning from the Tropics and Subtropics.

The aim of this controlled cross-sectional study was to assess the clinical validity of elevated values of three clinically relevant transferase enzymes (aspartate transaminase [AST], alanine transaminase [ALT], and gamma-glutamyl transferase [GGT]) induced by imported infectious...

Comparative genomics reveals Cyclospora cayetanensis possesses coccidia-like metabolism and invasion components but unique surface antigens.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is an apicomplexan that causes diarrhea in humans. The investigation of foodborne outbreaks of cyclosporiasis has been hampered by a lack of genetic data and poor understanding of pathogen biology. In this study we sequenced the genome of C. cayetanensis a...

[Chronic Salmonella typhimurium diarrhea in an immunocompetent patient].

Chronic diarrhea caused by infection in immunocompetent patients is an infrequent condition in developed countries, although certain pathogens,generally parasites (Giardia lamblia, Isospora belli,Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Strongyloides, Ameba,Trichuris and Schistosoma) and som...

Wide genetic variations at 18S ribosomal RNA locus of Cyclospora cayetanensis isolated from Egyptian patients using high resolution melting curve.

A variable clinical picture of cyclosporiasis including gastrointestinal tract (GIT) symptomatic or asymptomatic beside extraintestinal consequences suggests a possibility of heterogenicity of Cyclospora cayetanensis. The present work aimed to explore the possibility of genetic v...

Marked seasonality of Cyclospora cayetanensis infections: ten-year observation of hospital cases, Honduras.

Document seasonality occurrence and epidemiologic characteristics of Cyclospora cayetanensis infections during a 10-year period from patients consulting at the University Hospital, Honduras. Retrospective non interventional hospital-based study analyzed laboratory results from th...

Intestinal parasitic infections in relation to CD4(+) T cell counts and diarrhea in HIV/AIDS patients with or without antiretroviral therapy in Cameroon.

Intestinal parasitic infections (IPI) are a major public health concern in HIV/AIDS patients particularly in resource-limited settings of Sub-Saharan Africa. Studies investigating the relationship between intestinal parasitic infections and CD4(+) T cell counts and diarrhea in HI...

[Intestinal coccidiosis in children admitted to a hospital in Peru and comparison of two methods for detecting Cryptosporidium spp].

A cross-sectional study was done between October 2014 and June 2015 to estimate the frequency of infection due to intestinal coccidiosis in children admitted to a hospital in Peru, and compare the modified acid-fast staining procedure with the enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) me...

Identification of opportunistic enteric parasites among immunocompetent patients with diarrhoea from Northern India and genetic characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Microsporidia.

Enteric parasitic infestation is a major public health problem in developing countries. Parasites such as Cryptosporidium spp., Cyclospora spp., Cystoisospora spp. and Microsporidia may cause severe diarrhoea among immunocompromised patients. There is scanty data on their frequen...

Prevalence of Wenyonella philiplevinei infection in Linwu ducks in Linwu county, subtropical China.

Wenyonella philiplevinei is one of the pathogens causing coccidiasis in ducks. The prevalence of W. philiplevinei infection in Linwu ducks (a Chinese local domesticated duck) was investigated in Linwu county (an area of Hunan province) of Hunan province, subtropical China from Ma...

Risk Factors Associated with Parasitic Infection Among Municipality Solid-Waste Workers in an Egyptian Community.

Solid-waste management is associated with several health hazards, particularly parasitic infection. The objective of the study was to determine the association between risk factors and the occurrence of intestinal parasitic infections (potentially pathogenic) among municipal wast...

Draft Genome Sequences from Cyclospora cayetanensis Oocysts Purified from a Human Stool Sample.

The parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis causes foodborne diarrheal illness. Here, we report draft genome sequences obtained from C. cayetanensis oocysts purified from a human stool sample. The genome assembly consists of 865 contigs with a total length of 44,563,857 bases. These seq...

Regional investigation of a cyclosporiasis outbreak linked to imported romaine lettuce - Nebraska and Iowa, June-August 2013.

A regional, multistate investigation into a June-August 2013 cyclosporiasis outbreak was conducted in Nebraska, Iowa, and neighbouring states. Cases were confirmed on the basis of laboratory and clinical findings. Of 227 cases in Iowa (n = 140) and Nebraska (n = 87) residents, 16...

Foodborne outbreaks caused by Cyclospora: the message is more important than the messenger.

Multistate product traceforward investigation to link imported romaine lettuce to a US cyclosporiasis outbreak - Nebraska, Texas, and Florida, June-August 2013.

During June-August 2013, 25 US states reported 631 cyclosporiasis cases including Nebraska and Iowa where a regional investigation implicated common-source imported salad mix served in two chain restaurants. At least two common-origin growing fields were likely sources of contami...

Prevalence of Intestinal Protozoa among Saudi Patients with Chronic Renal Failure: A Case-Control Study.

It has been hypothesized that chronic renal failure (CRF) predisposes patients to infection with intestinal protozoa. We tested this hypothesis with a matched case-control study to determine the prevalence of these protozoa and their diarrhea associated symptoms among 50 patients...

Burden of major diarrheagenic protozoan parasitic co-infection among amoebic dysentery cases from North East India: a case report.

Intestinal diarrheagenic polyparasitic infections are among the major public health concerns in developing countries. Here we examined stool specimens by microscopy, DNA dot blot and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to evaluate the co-infection of four principal protozoans among a...

Cyclospora Infection among School Children in Kathmandu, Nepal: Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors.

The intestinal coccidian protozoa Cyclospora cayetanensis has emerged as an important cause of parasitic diarrhea among children living in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Cyclospora among the school children of Kathmandu with reference to var...

Zoonotic enteric parasites transmitted from dogs in Egypt with special concern to Toxocara canis infection.

This work aimed to study the role played by dogs in transmitting zoonotic enteric parasites to humans in Egypt and to analyze the risk factors associated with the occurrence of such infection in dogs. Serodiagnosis of anti-Toxocara immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies among human be...

Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in transplant traveller: a case report of outbreak.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is a protozoan parasite causing intestinal infections. A prolonged course of infection is often observed in immunocompromised individuals. In Europe, less than 100 cases of C. cayetanensis infection have been reported to date, almost all of which being dia...

Epidemiology of Cyclospora Species in Humans in Malatya Province in Turkey.

Cyclospora species are rare among other Coccidia parasites and can cause recurrent gastroenteritis. Cyclospora spp. can infect reptiles, insects, rodents, and mammals. The present study aimed to determine the epidemiology of Cyclospora spp. in Malatya province and its neighboring...

Prevalence of intestinal opportunistic parasites infections in the University hospital of Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.

Gastrointestinal parasites infections are widespread in Africa and their prevalence infections vary from country to country. This study aimed at assessing the prevalence of opportunistic intestinal parasites infection and other gastrointestinal parasites infection among patients...

Genetic similarities between Cyclospora cayetanensis and cecum-infecting avian Eimeria spp. in apicoplast and mitochondrial genomes.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is an important cause for diarrhea in children in developing countries and foodborne outbreaks of cyclosporiasis in industrialized nations. To improve understanding of the basic biology of Cyclospora spp. and development of molecular diagnostic tools and t...

Molecular detection of Cyclospora in water, soil, vegetables and humans in southern Italy signals a need for improved monitoring by health authorities.

To date, in Europe, there is scant information on the occurrence of Cyclospora in water from treatment plants and in humans, and no data are available on soil or fresh plant products. Here, we undertook the first molecular survey of Cyclospora in multiple biological matrices coll...

The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of the Foodborne Parasitic Pathogen Cyclospora cayetanensis.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is a human-specific coccidian parasite responsible for several food and water-related outbreaks around the world, including the most recent ones involving over 900 persons in 2013 and 2014 outbreaks in the USA. Multicopy organellar DNA such as mitochondrio...

Detection of Emergence Cyclospora cayetanensis in A HIV(+) / AIDS Patient with Diarrhea from Tehran: A Case Report.

Coccidian protozoa of Cyclospora cayetanensis are obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasites that infect the mucosal epithelium of the small intestine of immunocompetent and immunocompromised persons. A 25- years old woman from around, Tehran with complaint of faintness and fa...

Parasitic colitis.

Over one billion people worldwide harbor intestinal parasites. Parasitic intestinal infections have a predilection for developing countries due to overcrowding and poor sanitation but are also found in developed nations, such as the United States, particularly in immigrants or in...

Detection of Cyclospora in captive chimpanzees and macaques by a quantitative PCR-based mutation scanning approach.

Cyclospora is a protistan parasite that causes enteritis in several species of animals including humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Cyclospora in captive non-human primates. A total of 119 faecal samples from Pan troglodytes, Macaca sylvanus, Cercopi...

2013 multistate outbreaks of Cyclospora cayetanensis infections associated with fresh produce: focus on the Texas investigations.

The 2013 multistate outbreaks contributed to the largest annual number of reported US cases of cyclosporiasis since 1997. In this paper we focus on investigations in Texas. We defined an outbreak-associated case as laboratory-confirmed cyclosporiasis in a person with illness onse...

Infections by Intestinal Coccidia and Giardia duodenalis.

The coccidians Cryptosporidium spp, Cyclospora cayetanensis, and Cystoisospora belli and the flagellate Giardia duodenalis are pathogenic protozoa associated with gastrointestinal manifestations. Diagnosis relies heavily on microscopy, and although ova-and-parasite examinations c...

Expert elicitation as a means to attribute 28 enteric pathogens to foodborne, waterborne, animal contact, and person-to-person transmission routes in Canada.

Enteric illness contributes to a significant burden of illness in Canada and globally. Understanding its sources is a critical step in identifying and preventing health risks. Expert elicitation is a powerful tool, used previously, to obtain information about enteric illness sour...

A linear mitochondrial genome of Cyclospora cayetanensis (Eimeriidae, Eucoccidiorida, Coccidiasina, Apicomplexa) suggests the ancestral start position within mitochondrial genomes of eimeriid coccidia.

The near complete mitochondrial genome for Cyclospora cayetanensis is 6184 bp in length with three protein-coding genes (Cox1, Cox3, CytB) and numerous lsrDNA and ssrDNA fragments. Gene arrangements were conserved with other coccidia in the Eimeriidae, but the C. cayetanensis mit...

PCR for enteric pathogens in high-prevalence settings. What does a positive signal tell us?

Molecular methods, in particular PCR, are increasingly used for the diagnosis of enteric pathogens in stool samples. In high-endemicity settings, however, asymptomatic carriage or residual DNA from previous infections will hamper the interpretation of positive test results. We as...

Cyclospora cayetanensis travels in tap water on Italian trains.

Tap water samples from the toilets of an Italian national railway train were collected over a period of 10 months and tested for the presence of Cyclospora cayetanensis (C. cayetanensis) using EvaGreen® real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay coupled with high resoluti...

Gastrointestinal Parasites of Ecuadorian Mantled Howler Monkeys (Alouatta palliata aequatorialis) Based on Fecal Analysis.

An analysis of gastrointestinal parasites of Ecuadorian mantled howler monkeys, Alouatta palliata aequatorialis, was conducted based on examination of fecal smears, flotations, and sedimentations. At least 1 type of parasite was detected in 97% of the 96 fecal samples screened ac...

Identification and morphologic and molecular characterization of Cyclospora macacae n. sp. from rhesus monkeys in China.

Cyclospora spp. in nonhuman primates are most closely related to Cyclospora cayetanensis, an emerging human pathogen causing outbreaks of cyclosporiasis in North America. Studies thus far indicate the possible existence of host specificity in Cyclospora spp. In this study, 411 fe...

Multicenter evaluation of the BioFire FilmArray gastrointestinal panel for etiologic diagnosis of infectious gastroenteritis.

The appropriate treatment and control of infectious gastroenteritis depend on the ability to rapidly detect the wide range of etiologic agents associated with the disease. Clinical laboratories currently utilize an array of different methodologies to test for bacterial, parasitic...

Intestinal parasitic infections among mentally handicapped individuals in Alexandria, Egypt.

This cross-sectional study was carried to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among mentally handicapped individuals in Alexandria, Egypt, in the period from December 2012 till November 2013. The study was conducted on 200 institutionalized and non-institu...

Emergent and re-emergent parasites in HIV-infected children: immunological and socio-environmental conditions that are involved in the transmission of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp.

Emergent and re-emergent waterborne protozoans have become a worldwide public health problem, especially among vulnerable groups. This cross-sectional study evaluated 17 HIV-infected children and their families. A high (76.5%) percentage of parasite-infected children was observed...

Cyclospora infection linked to travel to Mexico, June to September 2015.

Cyclospora cayetanensis was identified in 176 returned travellers from the Riviera Maya region of Mexico between 1 June and 22 September 2015; 79 in the United Kingdom (UK) and 97 in Canada. UK cases completed a food exposure questionnaire. This increase in reported Cyclospora ca...

Pattern of co-infection by enteric pathogenic parasites among HIV sero-positive individuals in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Mumbai, India.

One of the major medical concerns in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) is management of diarrhea that can lead to severe morbidity and mortality. Such clinical scenario warrants an analysis of intestinal parasites, which are important opportunistic pathogens in PLHA. Owing to th...

Molecular characterization of clinical isolates of Cyclospora cayetanensis from patients with diarrhea in India.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is an intestinal coccidian protozoan that has emerged as an important cause of both epidemic and endemic protracted diarrhea worldwide. Though humans appear to be the only natural hosts; the role of animals as natural reservoir is uncertain but of increasi...

Present status of protozoan pathogens causing water-borne disease in northern part of El-Minia Governorate, Egypt.

Little is known about the role of different water supplies in the diversity and public health significance of pathogenic protozoan parasites. Most of these organisms have been ubiquitous in waters worldwide. The numbers of waterborne infections indicate a significant risk for the...

A comparative survey of the prevalence of human parasites found in fresh vegetables sold in supermarkets and open-aired markets in Accra, Ghana.

Consuming raw vegetables offers essential nutrients that one may not get when such vegetables are usually cooked. However, eating them raw may pose a great risk for transmissions of pathogens. Such risks may be influenced by the sources of the vegetables and washing techniques us...

Modified Negative Staining of Heine for Fast and Inexpensive Screening of Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, and Cystoisospora spp.

Negative staining technique of Heine is an easy, inexpensive, and rapid way of screening for coccidian parasites of the intestinal tract. But its use as a routine technique for screening of Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, and Cystoisospora is restricted due to its sensitivity being...

First genotyping of Giardia duodenalis and prevalence of enteroparasites in children from Tetouan (Morocco).

Intestinal parasites are common in the Moroccan population. Enteroparasites in children from four schools in urban and rural areas of Tetouan (Morocco) were studied to treat these children and to design prevention and control programs. A total of 673 children were examined. The p...

Parasitic Contamination of Fruits and Vegetables Collected from Selected Local Markets of Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia.

Background. A study aimed at determining the prevalence and predictors of parasitic contamination of fruits and vegetables collected from local markets in Jimma Town, Ethiopia, was conducted between April and May 2013. Methods. A total of 360 samples of fruits and vegetables were...

Efficacy of wash solutions in recovering Cyclospora cayetanensis, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Toxoplasma gondii from basil.

Parasitic diseases can be acquired by ingestion of contaminated raw or minimally processed fresh produce (herbs and fruits). The sensitivity of methods used to detect parasites on fresh produce depends in part on the efficacy of wash solutions in removing them from suspect sample...

Intranuclear coccidiosis caused by Cyclospora spp. in calves.

Intranuclear coccidiosis in 3 calves is described. Two calves with no genetic relationship were kept in the same pen, and the third calf was on another farm. The animals suffered from watery diarrhea or severe emaciation. Histologic examination showed epithelial desquamation (cas...

Cyclospora cayetanensis in a pediatric hospital in Morelia, México.

Cyclospora cayetanensis, a coccidian parasite, can cause gastrointestinal illness in humans and is characterized by watery and persistent diarrhea and abdominal pain. Cyclosporiasis has been associated with traveler's diarrhea. The infection is acquired through food and waterborn...

Detection of Toxoplasma gondii and Cyclospora cayetanensis in Mytilus galloprovincialis from Izmir Province coast (Turkey) by Real Time PCR/High-Resolution Melting analysis (HRM).

To evaluate the presence of Toxoplasma gondii and Cyclospora cayetanensis in edible shellfish, a total of 795 specimens of Mytilus galloprovincialis from 8 different sites on the west coast of Turkey (Bays of Izmir and Mersin) were examined. Fifty-three pooled samples were create...

Performance evaluation of point-of-care test for detection of Cryptosporidium stool antigen in children and HIV infected adults.

Gastro-enteritis is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in patients with HIV/AIDS and children, and Cryptosporidium is the most important parasite implicated. To date, several commercial companies have developed simple and rapid point-of-care tests for the detecti...

First detection of acalculous cholecystitis associated with Sarcocystis infection in a patient with AIDS.

Acalculous cholecystitis and cholangitis are increasingly being recognized as complications of AIDS. The opportunistic parasites that have been most commonly associated with these disorders are Cryptosporidium species, Isospora belli, Cyclospora cayetanensis and Enterocytozoon bi...

A New Species of Graphis and New Lichen Records from Vietnam, Including a Second Worldwide Report of Sarcographina cyclospora.

Graphis upretii is a new lichen species discovered in Vietnam. The species is characterized by a loosely corticate, rough, whitish grey to greyish green thallus, elongate and irregularly branched lirellae with an apically thin complete thalline margin (negrosina morph), laterally...

Occurrence of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Cyclospora in influent and effluent water at wastewater treatment plants in Arizona.

We investigated the occurrence of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Cyclospora at two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Arizona over a 12-month period, from August 2011 to July 2012. Influent and effluent wastewater samples were collected monthly, and protozoan (oo)cysts were co...

Disease-outcome trees, EQ-5D scores, and estimated annual losses of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) for 14 foodborne pathogens in the United States.

Measures of disease burden such as quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) are increasingly important to risk-based food safety policy. They provide a means of comparing relative risk from diverse health outcomes. We present detailed disease-outcome trees and EQ-5D scoring for 14 maj...

Cyclospora spp. in drills, Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea.

Recovery of Cyclospora cayetanensis among asymptomatic rural Thai schoolchildren.

To obtain the prevalence with clinical symptoms of Cyclospora cayetanensis (C. cayetanensis), a coccidian protozoan parasite, in Thailand which is the cause of an intestinal infection characterized by sporadic-to-frequent explosive diarrhea. In a field survey conducted by the Fac...

Comparative study of the prevalence of intestinal parasites in low socioeconomic areas from South chennai, India.

Intestinal parasites cause one of the most important health problems through their effects in causing undernourishment morbidity and incapacitation due to their behavior particularly in children compared to adults. This study was intended to state the prevalence of intestinal par...

Prevalence and genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium, Enterocytozoon, Giardia and Cyclospora in diarrheal outpatients in China.

Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon spp., Giardia spp. and Cyclospora spp. are important intestinal protozoan parasites causing diarrhea in humans, livestocks and wildlife and have a significant impact on public health. No reports exist about simultaneous prevalence rates or gen...

Cyclospora cayetanensis: this emerging protozoan pathogen in Mexico.

A Mexican airline pilot had clinical manifestations of illness after a five-day stay in Lima, Peru. Six months later in Mexico, he was given a diagnosis of infection with Cyclospora cayetanensis by using coproparasitoscopic serial tests. He was treated twice with nitazoxadine suc...

Cyclospora infection in a young woman with human immunodeficiency virus in Hong Kong: a case report.

Cyclospora is an uncommon pathogen. The diagnosis of Cyclospora infection can be difficult because of its scarcity in developed countries, intracellular mode of life, small size of the parasite and its inability to take up routine microscopic stains. However, it is endemic in man...

Concurrent parasitic infections in a renal transplant patient.

[Drug therapy of infectious diarrhea. Part 2: Chronic diarrhea].

Diarrheal diseases are among the most common diseases worldwide. In this review the current treatment recommendations for acute (Part 1) and chronic (Part 2) infectious diarrhea are summarized and typical enteropathogens are discussed. The second part of the article describes chr...

Intestinal parasitosis in school children of Lalitpur district of Nepal.

Enteric parasites are the most common cause of parasitic diseases and cause significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing countries like Nepal. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence and risk factors of intestinal parasitic infections among s...

Detection of intestinal protozoa in the clinical laboratory.

Despite recent advances in diagnostic technology, microscopic examination of stool specimens remains central to the diagnosis of most pathogenic intestinal protozoa. Microscopy is, however, labor-intensive and requires a skilled technologist. New, highly sensitive diagnostic meth...

outbreaks of cyclosporiasis--United States, June-August 2013.

During June-August 2013, CDC, state and local public health officials, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) investigated an unusually large number of reports of cyclosporiasis (compared with annual reports to the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System [e.g., 123 ca...

Evaluation of the EasyScreen™ enteric parasite detection kit for the detection of Blastocystis spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Dientamoeba fragilis, Entamoeba complex, and Giardia intestinalis from clinical stool samples.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the EasyScreen™ Enteric Parasite Detection Kit (Genetic Signatures, Sydney, Australia) for the detection and identification of 5 common enteric parasites: Blastocystis spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Dientamoeba fragilis, Entamoeba complex, and G...

Occurrence of human-pathogenic Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium genotypes in laboratory macaques in Guangxi, China.

Captive nonhuman primates have been identified as common hosts of Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium hominis, and Cyclospora spp., thus are potential reservoirs of some enteric parasites in humans. However, few studies have examined the source and human-...

Study of opportunistic intestinal parasitic infections in human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients.

Intestinal parasites predominantly coccidian parasites are a common cause for diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients. The study was conducted during January 2009-December 2010. A total of 1,088 stool samples from 544 seropositive HIV positive cases were...

Cystoisospora and cyclospora.

The present review focuses on recent epidemiological and diagnostic advances in cystoisosporiasis and cyclosporiasis. Continuous outbreaks of these parasites occur worldwide. Sporadic cases in the United States are travel acquired, but also domestically acquired. New molecular di...

Application of a qPCR assay with melting curve analysis for detection and differentiation of protozoan oocysts in human fecal samples from Dominican Republic.

A quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay with melt curve analysis (qPCR-MCA) was applied for the detection of protozoan oocysts in 501 human fecal samples collected in Dominican Republic. Samples were subjected to qPCR using universal coccidia primers targeting 18S rDNA to...

International notification of cases of cyclosporiasis (call us, maybe?).

Implications of culture-independent panel-based detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis.

Notes from the field: use of electronic messaging and the news media to increase case finding during a Cyclospora outbreak - Iowa, July 2013.

On Friday, June 28, 2013, the Iowa Department of Public Health (IDPH) routinely reported two cases of cyclosporiasis in its weekly electronic newsletter, the EPI Update. The newsletter's primary audience consists of Iowa's public health officials and health-care providers, but re...

Intestinal protozoan infections in the immunocompromised host.

Intestinal protozoa are becoming increasingly recognized as significant pathogens in immunocompromised hosts. However, pathogenesis of infection is still poorly understood, diagnostic tests remain insensitive, and management continues to pose a challenge. Invasion by intestinal p...

Genetic characterization of human-pathogenic Cyclospora cayetanensis parasites from three endemic regions at the 18S ribosomal RNA locus.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is an apicocomplexan parasite that infects the gastrointestinal tract and causes acute diarrheal disease in humans. In recent years, this human-pathogenic parasite has led to several foodborne outbreaks in the United States and Canada, mostly associated wi...

Intestinal parasitic infection among the HIV-infected patients in Nepal.

Intestinal parasitic infection has been a significant problem in HIV patients, worldwide. In this study, we aimed to measure the prevalence and identify the factors associated with intestinal parasitic infection in people infected with HIV and attending National Public Health Lab...

Molecular characterization of Cyclospora-like organisms from golden snub-nosed monkeys in Qinling Mountain in Shaanxi province, northwestern China.

Cyclospora spp. have been identified as one of the most important intestinal pathogens causing protracted diarrhea in animals and human beings. To determine the Cyclospora species in the non-human primate Rhinopithecus roxellanae, a total of 71 fecal samples from 19 endangered sn...

Detection of Cyclospora, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia in ready-to-eat packaged leafy greens in Ontario, Canada.

Numerous foodborne outbreaks of diarrheal illness associated with the consumption of produce contaminated with protozoan parasites have been reported in North America in recent years. The present study reports on the presence of Cyclospora, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia in precut...

Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infections associated with wastewater and human excreta use in agriculture in Vietnam.

We assessed the risk of helminth infections in association with the use of wastewater and excreta in agriculture in Hanam province, northern Vietnam. In two cross-sectional surveys, we obtained samples from 1,425 individuals from 453 randomly selected households. Kato-Katz thick...

[Prevalence of intestinal microsporidia and other intestinal parasites in hiv positive patients from Maracaibo, Venezuela].

To detect the presence of microsporidia and other enteric parasites in patients with HIVAIDS of the Autonomous Services University Hospital of Maracaibo (SAHUM), where there are no previous studies in this field. Fecal samples were analyzed by means of direct exam, concetration m...

Chronic diarrhea due to Cyclospora spp. infection.

Current laboratory diagnosis of opportunistic enteric parasites in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.

Diarrhea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. Opportunistic enteric parasitic infections are encountered in 30-60% of HIV seropositive patients in developed countries and in 90% of patients in developing countries...

Comparison of different methods of detection of enteric pathogenic protozoa.

The study was conducted to compare different methods of detection of pathogenic protozoan parasites in stool specimens of People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA). Stool specimens of 242 HIV sero-positive patients were examined using the wet mount technique, modified Ziehl-Neelsen's (Z...

Co-infection with Cyclospora cayetanensis and Salmonella typhi in a patient with HIV infection and chronic diarrhoea.

A 45-year-old-Haitian male patient with fever, abdominal cramping, chronic diarrhoea and weight loss of about 3 kg was investigated. Stool examination revealed Salmonella typhi and Cyclospora cayetanensis. The HIV test was positive with a CD4 count of 130 cells/mm(3). We provided...

Foodborne outbreaks in Canada linked to produce: 2001 through 2009.

Foodborne disease outbreaks associated with fresh fruits and vegetables have been increasing in occurrence worldwide. Canada has one of the highest per capita consumption rates of fresh fruits and vegetables in the world. In this article, we review the foodborne disease outbreaks...

[Circumstances for diagnosis and treatment of intestinal parasitosis in France].

In a compatible context, hypereosinophilia is suggestive of helminthosis. When the count is higher than 1000/mm(3), a primo-invasion syndroma may be considered, especially if allergic signs are present. Below that level, the helminthosis is probably at the adult stage (chronic ph...

Indigestion after Digestive Disease Week (DDW): be aware of the "Golden Raspberry Award" at DDW and Cyclospora cayetanensis.

A descriptive study of reportable gastrointestinal illnesses in Ontario, Canada, from 2007 to 2009.

Gastrointestinal illnesses (GI) continue to pose a substantial burden in terms of morbidity and economic impact in Canada. We describe the epidemiology of reportable GI in Ontario by characterizing the incidence of each reportable GI, as well as associated demographics, clinical...

Assessment of three commercial DNA extraction kits and a laboratory-developed method for detecting Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora in raspberry wash, basil wash and pesto.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods are often used to identify the parasitic protozoa Cryptosporidium parvum and Cyclospora cayetanensis in foods although little has been published regarding the efficacy of available DNA extraction methods. This study reviewed three commonly...

Molecular characterization of human-pathogenic microsporidia and Cyclospora cayetanensis isolated from various water sources in Spain: a year-long longitudinal study.

Recent studies suggest the involvement of water in the epidemiology of Cyclospora cayetanensis and some microsporidia. A total of 223 samples from four drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs), seven wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), and six locations of influence (LI) on four...

Genetic mapping and coccidial parasites: past achievements and future prospects.

Coccidial parasites including Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii and the Eimeria species can cause severe disease of medical and veterinary importance. As many as one-third of the human population may carry T. gondii infection, an...

Infectious causes of chronic diarrhoea.

Infections are an uncommon cause of chronic diarrhoea. Parasites are most likely, including protozoa like giardia, cryptosporidia and cyclospora. Bacteria are unlikely to cause chronic diarrhoea in immunocompetent individuals with the possible exception of Yersinia, Plesiomonas a...

HIV/AIDS-associated opportunistic protozoal diarrhea.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has altered both the epidemiology and outcome of enteric opportunistic parasitic infections. This study was done to determine the prevalence and species/genotypes of intestinal coccidian and microsporidial infections among HIV/AIDS pat...

Molecular surveillance of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi by genotyping and subtyping parasites in wastewater.

Despite their wide occurrence, cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis are considered neglected diseases by the World Health Organization. The epidemiology of these diseases and microsporidiosis in humans in developing countries is poorly understood. The high concentration of pathogens...

[Clinical and epidemiological study of intestinal coccidioses in a rural population of a semiarid region from Falcon state, Venezuela].

Although intestinal coccidioses caused by Cryptosporidium sp., Cystoisospora belli and Cyclospora cayetanensis are parasitic diseases of major clinical importance in Public Health, several clinical and epidemiological aspects of these diseases still remain unknown in Falcon state...

Survey and genetic characterization of wastewater in Tunisia for Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Cyclospora cayetanensis and Eimeria spp.

The microbial diversity of wastewater used for irrigation and fertilization was assessed using specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to detect and genotype several pathogenic protists including Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Cyclospora spp., Eimeria spp. and...

[Research progress on the biology and epidemiology of Cyclospora cayetanensis].

Cyclosporiasis is one of the emerging parasitic diseases. Cyclospora cayetanensis is so far the only species infecting humans in the Cyclospora genus. This paper reviews mainly the biological characteristics of C. cayetanensis and the current epidemiology status of human infectio...

Sequence characterization of heat shock protein gene of Cyclospora cayetanensis isolates from Nepal, Mexico, and Peru.

We have described the development of a 2-step nested PCR protocol based on the characterization of the 70-kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) gene for rapid detection of the human-pathogenic Cyclospora cayetanensis parasite. We tested and validated these newly designed primer sets by...

Diarrhea outbreak during U.S. military training in El Salvador.

Infectious diarrhea remains a major risk to deployed military units worldwide in addition to their impact on travelers and populations living in the developing world. This report describes an outbreak of diarrheal illness in the U.S. military's 130(th) Maneuver Enhancement Brigad...

Descriptive epidemiology of enteric disease in Chennai, India.

There are very few data on the prevalence of coccidian enteric parasites among low-income adults hospitalized in Chennai, India. Stool samples from 200 patients were screened for selected parasites, enteric bacterial pathogens, and other protozoa over a 3-month period. The study...

What a professor learned about Cyclospora cayetanensis by attending Digestive Diseases Week conference in Chicago.

An outbreak of Cyclospora infection on a cruise ship.

In 2010, an outbreak of cyclosporiasis affected passengers and crew on two successive voyages of a cruise ship that departed from and returned to Fremantle, Australia. There were 73 laboratory-confirmed and 241 suspected cases of Cyclospora infection reported in passengers and cr...

Protozoan infections of the gastrointestinal tract.

The review provides current views on human protozoan parasites of the gut. The recognition of the importance of cryptosporidium, cyclospora and microsporidia over the last three decades emphasises the possibility that more pathogenic intestinal protozoa are presently unrecognized...

Population-based active surveillance for Cyclospora infection--United States, Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), 1997-2009.

Cyclosporiasis is an enteric disease caused by the parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis. Since the mid-1990 s, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has been notified of cases through various reporting and surveillance mechanisms. We summarized data regarding laboratory-conf...

Galactose recognition by the apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii.

Toxosplasma gondii is the model parasite of the phylum Apicomplexa, which contains numerous obligate intracellular parasites of medical and veterinary importance, including Eimeria, Sarcocystis, Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, and Plasmodium species. Members of this phylum actively...

Opportunistic parasites among immunosuppressed children in Minia District, Egypt.

A total of 450 stool samples were collected from inpatient and outpatient clinics of Pediatric Department, Minia University Hospital, Minia District, Egypt. Two groups of patients were studied, including 200 immunosuppressed and 250 immunocompetent children. Stool samples were su...

[Comparison of individual differences in the direct microscopic examination in the diagnosis of intestinal parasites].

The aim is to emphasise the importance for intestinal parasites' diagnosis by direct microscopic examination and the discrepancies among results from different microscopists. Stool specimens were obtained from 225 children with diarrhoea after the macroscopic examination, prepare...

[The distribution of intestinal parasites in people admitted to the Yüzüncü Yıl University Parasitology Laboratory of Health Research and Training Hospital, in 2009].

This study was performed to present the distribution of intestinal parasites in parients admitted to the Parasitology Laboratory of the Health Research and Training Hospital of Yüzüncü Yıl University in 2009. A total of 6267 patients (3037 female, 3230 male; 3798 of 13 years and...

[Monthly distribution of intestinal parasites detected in a part of western Turkey between May 2009-April 2010-results of acid fast and modified trichrome staining methods].

In this study, 5073 fecal specimens and cellophane tapes from patients were examined during the period of May 1, 2009-April 30, 2010 in the parasitology laboratory of the Ege University Medical School. Sticky tape test and ethyl acetate sedimentation methods, saline, iodine, modi...

[Microsporidia in pediatric patients with leukemia or limphoma].

Microsporidia are intracellular micro-organisms, characterized by mature spores with chitin walls and by one extrusive polar tube through which they pour their sporoplasm to the host cells. In immunocompromised patients, Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis pr...

The majority of cockroaches from the Samutprakarn province of Thailand are carriers of parasitic organisms.

We undertook a study of the mechanical transmission of parasitic organisms in cockroaches in the Samutprakarn province of Thailand. In this study, 920 cockroaches were obtained from 18 open-air shopping markets in 5 districts and 1 subdistrict of this province. All cockroaches we...

Use of a common laboratory glassware detergent improves recovery of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cyclospora cayetanensis from lettuce, herbs and raspberries.

The success of any protocol designed to detect parasitic protozoa on produce must begin with an efficient initial wash step. Cryptosporidium parvum and Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts were seeded onto herbs, lettuces and raspberries, eluted with one of four wash solutions and the...

Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: review of worldwide outbreaks - an update 2004-2010.

The present update gives a comprehensive review of worldwide waterborne parasitic protozoan outbreaks that occurred and were published globally between January 2004 and December 2010. At least one hundred and ninety-nine outbreaks of human diseases due to the waterborne transmiss...

Multiplex polymerase chain reaction method to detect Cyclospora, Cystoisospora, and Microsporidia in stool samples.